Reinforcement Materials in the Automotive Industry - 2200 Words

Determining Whether Natural Fiber Composites are Superior to Glass Fibers as Reinforcement Materials in the Automotive Industry (Research Paper Sample) Content: A LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF THE PRODUCTION OF GLASS FIBER AND NATURAL FIBER AS REINFORCEMENT MATERIALSDetermining Whether Natural Fiber Composites are Superior to Glass Fibers as Reinforcement Materials in the Automotive IndustryStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameCourseInstructorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameUniversityCity (State)DateA Life Cycle Assessment of the Production of Glass Fiber and Natural Fiber as Reinforcement Materials in the Automotive IndustryAbstractOver the past few decades, many engineers have developed an interest in the use of natural fibers as reinforcement materials. The natural fibers are emerging as lightweight, low-cost, and more environmentally friendly than the glass fiber-reinforced composites. The long -term objective of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive comparative Life Cycle Assessment of the natural fibers and glass fibers as reinforcement materials in the automotive industry with a final intention of confirming or refuting that the natural fiber-reinf orced composites are superior to the glass fibers in terms of environmental performance. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been used to compute the environmental effects in the production process of the natural fiber and glass fibers. The paper has selected various studies on life cycle assessments on glass fibers and natural fiber composites. The key drivers of the relative performance of the two alternative materials have been studied keenly and a conclusion drawn. Likely, natural fiber-reinforced composites are more environmentally superior in environmental performance to the glass fiber-reinforced composites. The. Natural fibers, such as hemp and flax are presently grown commercially in the United Kingdom and are used in making composite materials. The natural fiber composites have a wide range of applications in the automotive industry, such as in truck cabins, interior panels of passenger vehicles, cabin linings, and door panels in place of fiber composites. After the review of the various previous research works, the paper concludes that the natural fibers should be used as substitutes for glass fibers as reinforcement materials because they are more environmentally friendly.IntroductionSince the early 1990s, the natural fiber-reinforced composites have been emerging as the alternatives to glass fiber-reinforced composites in several engineering applications. The natural fiber composite materials, such as flax fiber-polypropylene, China reed and hemp-epoxy fibers are predominantly attractive in a number of automotive applications due to their good strengthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬weight ratio and lower cost. The glass fiber composites used as reinforcements cost between $1.30 and $2.00 per kg and has a density of kg 2.6 g per cubic centimeter. On the other hand, the flax and hemp fibers cost between $0.22 and $1.10 per kilogram and have a density of 1.5 g per cubic centimeter. The natural fibers are categorized into three main groups: protein (animal hair), cellulose ( vegetables), and minerals. The natural fibers from plants, such as hemp, ramie, flax, jute, and kenaf, are more likely to be used as reinforcement composites than other types of fibers. These fibers offer more advantages over the other cellulose- based fibers, such as seed fibers, fruit fibers, and leaf fibers, due to their high tensile strength, modulus, and low specific gravity. Natural fibers, such as hemp and flax are presently grown commercially in the United Kingdom and are used in making composite materials. The natural fiber composites have a wide range of applications in the automotive industry, such as in truck cabins, interior panels of passenger vehicles, cabin (Ribeiro, Ferreira, Partidario 2006).Whereas the natural fiber composites have been used traditionally to reinforce and fill thermosets, the natural fiber- reinforced thermoplastics, especially the polypropylene composites, have greatly attracted attention majorly because of their recyclability. The Natural fiber s-reinforced composites are also argued to offer many environmental advantages, such as lower pollutant emissions, reduced dependency on the non-renewable energy sources, enhanced energy recovery, lower emissions of greenhouse gasses, and end-of-life biodegradability of their components. Since such outstanding environmental advantages are important drivers of the increased future application of the natural fiber composite materials, a thorough comparative Life Cycle Assessment of the environmental impacts associated with the production of glass and natural fiber composites is required. In this paper, several research studies on the Life Cycle Assessments on different materials have been reviewed to compare the most suitable material to be used in the manufacturing of fiber-based reinforcement. The specific findings of these articles have been generalized and a conclusion drawn.Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)Life Cycle Assessment is a technique used in analysing the environmental impact s and other potential impacts that are associated with a product, through: * Identification of the scope of the study * A thorough compilation of an inventory of pertinent inputs and outputs of a given product system. * Evaluation of the potential environmental impacts that are associated with the selected inputs and outputs. * Interpretation of the inventory analysis results and impact analysis phase about the study objectives.In the context of Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, the inputs, such as water and energy, and outputs, such as wastes emissions, are normally quantified at each production stage of the natural fibers. The environmental issues that are analyzed in Life Cycle Impact Analysis include: * Ozone Layer Depletion Potentials * Photo-chemical Oxidants Creation Potentials * Aquatic Toxicity Potentials * Human Toxicity Potentials * Eutrophication Potentials * Global Warming Potentials * Acidification Potentials * Abiotic Resource or Non-Renewable Depletion PotentialLife Cy cle Assessment studies the aspects of the environment, as well as other potential impacts throughout a product's life cycle from the acquisition of the raw material through the production, product use and end-of-life management options, such as incineration, recycling, and the waste disposal. The figures below show the life cycle of glass fiber and natural fibers as reinforcement material in composites.628650335915Glass Production00Glass Production430530013970Monomer Production00Monomer Production1199515196850004857750225425002291715990600039522402673350067627455880Glass Fiber Production00Glass Fiber Production43624508255Polymer Production00Polymer Production25812758255Production of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Components00Production of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Components3162300305434002609850145415Component Use00Component Use3171825175895002600325139700Component End-of- Life Management-Land Filling-Incineration00Component End-of- Life Management-Land Filling-IncinerationFig. 1. Life cycle of a glass fiber- reinforced composite123825342899Fiber Crop Production00Fiber Crop Production403860020956Monomer Production00Monomer Production828675251460043816595318200179419210890300361949929336900411480083820Polymer Production00Polymer Production1619257620Natural Fiber Extraction and Processing00Natural Fiber Extraction and Processing20288257621Component Production00Component Production2657476257175001838325114300001647825337185016573512228850200977522859Component Use00Component Use13335013334Production of Compatibilizer00Production of Compatibilizer2676525281940002076450112396Component End-of-Life Management-Land Filling-Incineration-Composting00Component End-of-Life Management-Land Filling-Incineration-CompostingFig. 2. Life cycle of natural fiber- reinforced compositeLife Cycle Assessment takes a comprehensive cradle to cradle or cradle to grave approach, thus, avoiding emphasis on only specific stages of life cycle in the evaluation of a product environmental performance. Recent versions of the ISO standards 14040 to 14043 give a detailed guideline for conducting Life Cycle Assessment. The details of specific manufacturing processes, emissions, and energy use, and material flow vary from one application to the other. However, energy use, material flows, emissions, and environmental effects over the life cycle requires to be invented, modeled and analyzed in order to come up with a comprehensive LCA.Review of Prior StudiesA few research studies have been carried out on comparative Life Cycle Assessment of certain components of reinforcement materials made from glass fiber and natural fibers. This paper has sampled three research studies and summarized the methodologies and findings of the studies. The research studies include:Wotzel, Wirth, and Flake, 1999This research study presents detailed Life Cycle Assessments on a side panel of an Audi A3 car made from the ABS copolymer and the alternative design from hemp-epoxy. The study has modeled the input s, energy consumption, and emissions through to the manufacturing stage of the components. The use-phase and end-of-life management, such as energy recover through incinerations have not been modeled, though the study discusses in details some key implications of the use-phase inclusion in the assessment. For the natural fiber-reinforced components, the stages of hemp cultivation, fiber extraction, and component manufacture have been modeled. The statistics on the emissions for the Epoxy and ABS resins are based on Advanced Polymers via Macromolecular Engineering (APME) eco-profiles. The accumulative energy use and certain emissions from the production of each of the components are as summarized in Table 1.Environmental Indicator ABS Copolymer Hemp-Epoxy Fiber Total E...

Hanford Nuclear Bomb SiteTriumph and Disaster

Several years ago, a popular country song spoke of â€Å"making the best out of a bad situation,† which is pretty much what people near the Hanford nuclear bomb factory  have been doing since World War II. In 1943, about 1,200 people lived along the Columbia River in the southeastern Washington state farming towns of Richland, White Bluffs, and Hanford. Today, this Tri-Cities area is home to over 120,000 people, most of whom would probably live, work, and spend money somewhere else were it not for what the federal government allowed to accumulated at the 560 square mile Hanford Site from 1943 to 1991, including: 56 million gallons of highly radioactive nuclear waste stored in 177 underground tanks, of which at least 68 leak;2,300 tons of spent nuclear fuel sitting in -- but sometimes leaking from -- two surface pools only a few hundred feet from the Columbia River;120 square miles of contaminated ground water; and25 tons of deadly plutonium that must be disposed of and kept under constant armed guard. And all of that remains at the Hanford Site today, despite the efforts of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to undertake the most intensive environmental cleanup project in history. Brief Hanford  History Around Christmas of 1942, far from sleepy Hanford, World War II was grinding on. Enrico Fermi and his team completed the world’s first nuclear chain reaction, and the decision was made to build the atomic bomb as a weapon to end the war with Japan. The top-secret effort took the name, â€Å"Manhattan Project.† In January of 1943, the Manhattan Project got under way at Hanford, Oak Ridge in Tennessee, and Los Alamos, New Mexico. Hanford was chosen as the site where they would make plutonium, a deadly byproduct of the nuclear reaction process and main ingredient of the atomic bomb. Just 13 months later, Hanford’s first reactor went online.  And the end of World War II would soon follow. But, that was far from the end for the Hanford Site, thanks to the Cold War. Hanford Fights the Cold War The years following the end of World War II saw a deterioration of relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. In 1949, the Soviets tested their first atomic bomb and the nuclear arms race -- the Cold War -- began. Instead of decommissioning the existing one, eight new reactors were built at Hanford. From 1956 to 1963, Hanford’s production of plutonium reached its peak. Things got scary. Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev, in a 1959 visit, told the American people, â€Å"your grandchildren will live under communism.† When Russian missiles appeared in Cuba in 1962, and the world came within minutes of nuclear war, America redoubled its efforts toward nuclear deterrence. From 1960 to 1964, our nuclear arsenal tripled, and Hanford’s reactors hummed day and night. Finally, in late 1964, President Lyndon Johnson decided that our need for plutonium had decreased and ordered all but one Hanford reactor shutdown. From 1964 - 1971 eight of nine reactors were slowly shut down and prepared for decontamination and decommissioning. The remaining reactor was converted to produce electricity, as well as plutonium. In 1972, the DOE added atomic energy technology research and development to the Hanford Site’s mission. Hanford Since the Cold War In 1990, Michail Gorbachev, Soviet President, pushed for improved relations between the superpowers and greatly reduced Russian arms development. The peaceful fall of the Berlin Wall followed shortly, and on September 27, 1991, the U.S. Congress officially declared the end of the Cold War. No more defense-related plutonium would ever be produced at Hanford. The Cleanup Begins During its defense production years, the Hanford Site was under strict military security and never subject to outside oversight. Due to improper disposal methods, like dumping 440 billion gallons of radioactive liquid directly onto the ground, Hanford’s 650 square miles is still considered one of the most toxic places on earth. The U.S. Department of Energy took over operations at Hanford from the defunct Atomic Energy Commission in 1977 with three main goals a part of its Strategic Plan: Clean it up! The Environmental Mission: DOE recognizes that Hanford won’t be â€Å"like it was before† for centuries, if ever. But, they have established interim and long-term goals to the satisfaction of the impacted parties;Never again! The Science Technology Mission: DOE, along with private contractors are developing technology in a wide range of clean-energy related areas. Many of the preventative and remedial environmental methods used today came from Hanford; andSupport the people! The Tri-Party Agreement: From the beginning of Hanford’s recovery era, DOE has worked to build and diversify the area’s economy, while encouraging intense involvement with and input from private citizens and the Indian Nations. So, How’s It Going Now in Hanford? Hanford’s cleanup phase will probably continue until at least 2030  when many of DOE’s long-term environmental goals will have been met. Until then, the cleanup goes carefully on, one day at a time. Research and development of new energy-related and environmental technologies now share  an almost equal level of activity. Over the years, the U.S. Congress has appropriated (spent) more than $13.1 million for grants and direct aid to the Hanford area communities to fund projects designed to build the local economy, diversify the workforce, and prepare for coming reductions in federal involvement in the area. Since 1942, the U.S. Government has been present in Hanford. As late as 1994, over 19,000 residents were federal employees  or 23 percent of the area’s total workforce. And, in a very real sense, a terrible environmental disaster became the driving force behind the growth, perhaps even the survival, of the Hanford area.   As of 2007, the Hanford site continued to retain 60% of all high-level radioactive waste managed by the U.S. Department of Energy and as much as 9% of all nuclear waste in the United States. Despite mitigation efforts, Hanford remains the most contaminated nuclear site in the United States and the focus of the nations largest ongoing environmental cleanup effort. In 2011, the DOE reported that it had successfully â€Å"interim stabilized† (eliminated the immediate threat) Hanford’s remaining 149 single-shell nuclear waste retention tanks by pumping nearly all of the liquid waste in them into 28 newer, more secure double-shell tanks. However, DOE later found water intruding into at least 14 single-shell tanks and that one of them had been leaking about 640 US gallons per year into the ground since about 2010. In 2012, the DOE announced that it had found a leak coming from one of the double-shell tanks caused by construction flaws and corrosion, and that 12 other double-shell tanks had similar construction flaws that might allow similar leakage. As a result, the DOE started monitoring the single-shell tanks monthly and double-shell tanks every three years, while also implementing improved monitoring methods. In March 2014, the DOE announced delays in the construction of the Waste Treatment Plant, which further delayed the removal of waste from all of the retention tanks. Since then, discoveries of undocumented contamination have slowed the pace and raised the cost of the cleanup project.

My Writing A New Doll House - 982 Words

Normally in family gatherings, birthday parties, and Christmas mornings as a child you always hoped and behaved all year long the most incredible gifts. Even though then I didn’t understand why my Uncle would give me school supplies and books every year until I entered middle school I would always say thank you and secretly be just as content with my bag of excessive amounts of pencils, markers, and a year supply a paperclips. I remember always looking forward to the books my uncle Robert would place in every year without fail. Even though I would have wanted a new doll house or new purse for my never ending collection. It was that one Christmas morning that introduced me to a new interest that as a child then I had no idea it was going to help me decide what I choose as my career path today. This memory is so present in my thoughts not only because I was reading a new book (Three Little Kittens, by Paul Galdone) and it was new to my eyes and mind. I was five years old and I clearly recall mentioning to my mom that I was going to challenge myself to write the story on my paper with the cursive font my eldest sister had showed me days before that she was trying to master herself in school. It mesmerized me as a kid to learn from what my sister was learning six years of material I had to learn eventually as I got older. That determination led me to read any book diligently and with complete fascination and comprehension. It was such an amazing experience then and as I gotShow MoreRelatedRealism in A Dolls House Essay examples1264 Words   |  6 Pages`naked drama that Ibsen, known as the father of Modern Realism wrote his realistic plays in an accurate representation of real people in real trouble. His influence on dramatic writing was revolutionary. Henrik Ibsen was 52 when The Dolls House was published in 1879. 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The defining moment for me was when Nora decided that she no longer wants to live the lifestyle of being the â€Å"doll†. It starts with Torvalds reading the letter about her borrowing the money and Nora’s secret is finally exposedRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House 1287 Words   |  6 PagesRachel Ihasz Period 1 Major Works Data Sheet Author: Henrik Ibsen Date of Publication: December 1879 Genre: A Doll’s House is a naturalistic/ realistic play with Victoriana-Era flair; (also a modern tragedy in play form) that deals with real life family crises of the 1870s’. Title: A Doll’s House 1. Style a. Point of View - Since A Doll’s House is written in play form, all of the action is displayed in front of the audience with actors portraying the roles. We as readers only get to readRead MoreFinal Essay: English 1Bs Journey 1128 Words   |  5 Pagesof unique, individual human beings to comprehend each other† (Thomas 120). The impact literature can bring onto others is simply amazing and is a gift that should be shared with everyone. This spring semester has quickly broadened my perspective. Being that this is my freshman year in college I prodded around ideas of what majors I had interests in. I toyed around with political science, but I found that I spent more time on arguing with what the political figures stood for than actually studyingRead MoreThe Seed Of A Seed1143 Words   |  5 Pagesnever gets picked. I am a sister. The day I became one, was the first day I left the house without a doll in tow. â€Å"I’m gonna have a new doll now, right Gramma?† Grandma smiled as she buckled me in. â€Å"Right, but this one you’ll have to take extra good care of,† she responded with a wink. When Grandma and I arrived at the hospital, a kind nurse led us down a hall to a window enclosed room. I immediately pressed my little nose and palms against the glass and peered in with a bit of confusion. Three

Jam Session free essay sample

I personally feel jazz is an expression of the an artist’s deep emotional connection to the rhythms of life and the search for their identity among life’s rollercoaster of experiences and possibilities, always ready to improvise to the ever changing environment. I think the most important thing about jazz is that it is America’s music. Reflecting its birthplace of Storyville, a small section near the French Quarter in New Orleans, jazz too has the influence of whites of English and French descent, Blacks and immigrants from the Caribbean and other European countries. After the closing of Storyville in 1917 jazz was further developed and refined in Chicago and New York. I was formally introduced to jazz on Thursday September 27, 2012. All I knew about jazz was that it was a form of music. I didn’t really understand what jazz was. That was until I went with a fellow music student to a jam session at the 57th Street Gallery to review a live performance. We will write a custom essay sample on Jam Session or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Gallery was small but quaint. Not really a place you would expect to find a live music performance of any sort. There was no large stage with an elaborate lighting system with bright lasers reflecting off a disco ball or a huge surround sound system with speakers bigger than me, but there was a simple raised area with a piano, a drum set and a couple of microphones. Which I eventually found out, is all you need when it comes to playing a jam session of jazz. The walls were decorated with paintings of various famous musicians which I felt maybe gave a sense of inspiration to anyone who played there. There was only about a handful of people in the audience, mostly made up of women of various ethnicities and that were of an older eneration. The session was to begin a little after the time I arrived which was 8 pm. I started to get discouraged when there was only one guy in the playing area warming up. Rather than feeling discouraged, I decided to use that time as an opportunity to try and talk with the gentlemen warming up. His name was Michael Jones and he was playing the stand-up bass. He didnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t seem concerned or worried given the fact it was already past the start time and there weren’t any other musicians there yet. He was happy to be playing his instrument just jamming out by himself. After I introduced myself I explained to him that I was a music student and I was there to do a review on the style of jazz and the musicians that played it. He was more than happy to talk about his passion for music and jazz in general. Next I had the pleasure of meeting a wonderful woman who Mr. Jones had pointed out as an amazing singer, who just loved talking about music and enjoyed being interviewed. Her name is Stephanie Crawford. Stephanie was exposed to music at an early age, as were most people growing up in the 30’s and 40’s, when the piano was considered an essential home furnishing. It was part of her culture growing up in Detroit. I wanted to know if she considered herself a jazz singer or a blues singer, her reply was, â€Å"I am only a jazz singer, because jazz is a style, sort of an attitude. See, you can go out and have a glass of wine and listen to jazz, but when you go out and listen to blues, it a whole different class or feeling and I have nothing to feel blue about. † After talking with Stephanie for a short while, she was coaxed into singing. Grabbing a microphone, Stephanie said to the growing audience, this one is called, â€Å"Brother can you spare me a dime? then she counted down, â€Å"5 6†¦7†¦8†. Michael started to play his bass in a pizzicato manner. After the second verse, out of now where a guy starts playing a flute. I didn’t realize that a flute was associated with this type of music style. The intensity in which he played was surprising. The bassist kept the beat and tempo while this moment of improvisation was played out by a guy named, â€Å"Dave†. After the first song, somebody got up from the audience and sat behind a set of bongo’s I hadn’t notice till then. Again, Ms. Jam Session free essay sample I personally feel Jazz is an expression of the an artists deep emotional connection to the rhythms of life and the search for their identity among lifes reallocates of experiences and capabilities, always ready to improvise to the ever changing environment. I think the most important thing about jazz is that it is Americas music. Reflecting its birthplace of Storyteller, a small section near the French Quarter In New Orleans, Jazz too has the influence of whites of English and French descent, Blacks and immigrants from the Caribbean and other European countries.After the closing of Storyteller In 1917 Jazz was further developed and refined In Chicago and New York. I was formally Introduced to Jazz on Thursday September 27, 2012. All I knew about jazz was that it was a form of music. I didnt really understand what jazz was. That was until I went with a fellow music student to a jam session at the 57th Street Gallery to review a live performance. We will write a custom essay sample on Jam Session or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Gallery was small but quaint. Not really a place you would expect to find a live music performance of any sort.There was no large stage with an elaborate lighting system with bright lasers reflecting off a disco ball or a huge surround sound system with speakers bigger than me, but there was a simple raised area with a piano, a drum set and a couple of microphones. Which I eventually found out, is all you need when It comes to playing a Jam session of Jazz. The walls were decorated with paintings of various famous musicians which I felt maybe gave a sense of Inspiration to anyone who played there. There was only about a handful of people In the audience, mostly made up of women of various ethnicities and that were of an older generation.The session was to begin a little after the time I arrived which was 8 pm. I started to get discouraged when there was only one guy in the playing area warming up. Rather than feeling discouraged, I decided to use that time as an opportunity to try and talk with the gentlemen warming up. His name was Michael Jones and he was laying the stand-up bass. He didnt seem concerned or worried given the fact it was already past the start time and there werent any other musicians there yet. He was happy to be playing his Instrument Just Jamming out by himself.After I introduced myself I explained to him that I was a music student and I was there to do a review on the style of Jazz and the musicians that played It. He was more than happy to talk about his passion for music and Jazz In general. Next I had the pleasure of meeting a wonderful woman who Mr. . Jones had pointed out as an amazing singer, who just Crawford. Stephanie was exposed to music at an early age, as were most people growing up in the asss and asss, when the piano was considered an essential home furnishing. It was part of her culture growing up in Detroit.