Basic Company

Mr. James Pierce had recently received word of his appointment as general manager of the Jackson Plant, one of the older established units of The Rose Company. As such, Mr. Pierce was to be responsible for the management and administration at the Jackson Plant of all functions and personnel except sales. Both top management and Mr. Pierce realized that there were several unique features about his new assignment. Mr. Pierce decided to assess his new situation and relationships before undertaking his assignment.He was personally acquainted with the home office executives, but had met few of the Jackson personnel. This case contains some of his reflections regarding the new assignment. The Rose Company conducted marketing activities throughout the United States and in certain foreign countries. These activities were directed form the home office by a vice president in charge of sales. Manufacturing operations and certain other departments were under the supervision and control of a seni or vice president.These are shown in Exhibit A. For many years the company had operated a highly centralized-functional type of manufacturing organization. There was no general manager at any plant; each of the departments in a plant reported on a line basis to its functional counterpart at the home office. For instance, the industrial relations manager of a particular plant reported to the vice president in charge of industrial relations at the home office, and the plant controller to the vice president-controller, and so on.Mr. Pierce stated that in the opinion of the top management the record of the Jackson Plant had not been satisfactory for several years. The Rose board had recently approved the erection of a new plant in a different part of the city and the use of new methods of production. Lower costs of processing and a reduced manpower requirement at the new plant were†¦

After the Revolutionary War Essay

After the Revolutionary War, many Americans realized that the government established by the Articles of Confederation was not working. America needed a new form of government. It had to be strong enough to maintain national unity over a large geographic area, but not so strong as to become a tyranny. Unable to find an exact model in history to fit America’s unique situation, delegates met at Philadelphia in 1787 to create their own solution to the problem. Their creation was the United States Constitution. Before the Constitution could become â€Å"the supreme law of the land,† it had to be ratified or approved by at least nine of the thirteen states. When the delegates to the Philadelphia Convention signed the Constitution on September 17, 1787, they knew ratification would not be easy. Many people were bitterly opposed to the proposed new system of government. A public debate soon erupted in each of the states over whether the new Constitution should be accepted. More important, it was a crucial debate on the future of the United States. The Federalist Papers Nowhere was the furor over the proposed Constitution more intense than in New York. Within days after it was signed, the Constitution became the subject of widespread criticism in the New York newspapers. Many commentators charged that the Constitution diminished the rights Americans had won in the Revolution. Fearful that the cause for the Constitution might be lost in his home state, Alexander Hamilton devised a plan to write a series of letters or essays rebutting the critics. It is not surprising that Hamilton, a brilliant lawyer, came forward at this moment to defend the new Constitution. At Philadelphia, he was the only New Yorker to have signed the Constitution. The other New York delegates had angrily left the Convention convinced that the rights of the people were being abandoned. Hamilton himself was very much in favor of strengthening the central government. Hamilton’s Constitution would have called for a president elected for life with the power to appoint state governors. Hamilton soon backed away from these ideas, and decided that the Constitution, as written, was the best one possible. Hamilton published his first essay in the New York Independent Journal on October 27, 1787. He signed the articles with the Roman name â€Å"Publius.† (The use of pseudonyms by writers on public affairs was a common practice.) Hamilton soon recruited two others, James Madison and John Jay, to contribute essays to the series. They also used the pseudonym â€Å"Publius.† James Madison, sometimes called the Father of the Constitution, had played a major role during the Philadelphia Convention. As a delegate from Virginia, he participated actively in the debates. He also kept detailed notes of the proceedings and drafted much of the Constitution. Unlike Hamilton and Madison, John Jay of New York had not been a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. A judge and diplomat, he was serving as secretary of foreign affairs in the national government. Between October 1787 and August 1788, â€Å"Publius† wrote 85 essays in several New York newspapers. Hamilton wrote over 60 percent of these essays and helped with the writing of others. Madison probably wrote about a third of them with Jay composing the rest. The essays had an immediate impact on the ratification debate in New York and in the other states. The demand for reprints was so great that one New York newspaper publisher printed the essays together in two volumes entitled The Federalist, A Collection of Essays, written in favor of the New Constitution, By a Citizen of New York. By this time the identity of â€Å"Publius,† never a well-kept secret, was pretty well known. The Federalist, also called The Federalist Papers, has served two very different purposes in American history. The 85 essays succeeded by helping to persuade doubtful New Yorkers to ratify the Constitution. Today, The Federalist Papers helps us to more clearly understand what the writers of the Constitution had in mind when they drafted that amazing document 200 years ago.

Business Environment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Environment - Coursework Example There are several types of economic systems but this paper will only concentrate on theses three namely, planned economy, participatory economy, and barter economy. In planned economy such as state socialism where the economy behaves like a hands on economy in which people follow the state laws of economy. In participatory economy, people guide the production and distribution of goods through participating in the system. While in barter trade, traders exchange goods for other goods directly. These three economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively by helping in making decisions regarding how, what, and for whom to produce (Gitman and McDaniel, 2008:101). For instance, in planned economic system, the state owns the scarce resources whereby it allocates them to the public by setting up production targets and rate of growth according to how it views the public’s wants. In this system, the overall income and distribution of wealth falls in the hands of the state auth orities. As such, the amount of resources an individual can access depends on his income and the resource depends on the value of market. Barter economic system entails of exchanging goods for other goods. In this case, these economic systems allocate resources effectively and accordingly depending on need and availability. Factors of production Factors of production contribute to scarcity of production in that, the more people produce, the more they are utilizing the available resources. Scarcity takes place following the inadequate availability of resources in spite of the fact that people require resources to produce. Factors of production include the natural resources such as land, water, air, and minerals among others. There is labor, which entails about the human effort used during production of goods whereby it involves marketing expertise and technical skills. There is also capital stock whereby these are human made goods or means of production in which people use them to produce other goods (Kurtz and Boone, 2009:52). With this sense, factors of production such as land contribute towards scarcity of resources since it is a natural resource and humans cannot control that by structuring another land upon using the first one. It is available, but has no alteration or effort on the part of humans. Out of the three econo mic systems listed above, I think the most appropriate one is the planned system of economy. This is because, planned system of economy bases on the process of accumulating capital. Simultaneously, it also seeks to direct or control the process of accumulating capital via corporative ownership or state ownership. By so doing, this economic system ensures stability and encourages equality among different people as well as expanding the power of decision-making (Kurtz and Boone, 2009:69). In addition, with planned system of an economy, the public, the state, and corporative all carry out production with view of attaining maximum profits. In this system, the market players are responsible for making decisions concerning investment and as such, they are able to assess which means of production are competent in the market. As a result, this system of economy is appropriate since it coordinates production directly to satisfy the economic

Photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Photography - Essay Example 126). Inside a darkroom, he made use of light exposure to ensure that different shapes and images are captured on the photographic paper. In the absence of a creative mind, a good photographer will not be able to produce unique and eye capturing images that could give meaningful ideas on the part of the viewers. Considering one of the brilliant collection of Man Ray, figure 1 presented on page 2 illustrate the head of a man and a woman kissing each other. On a piece of photographic paper, the use of sufficient light exposure pointed to the head of the models (with a hand on each side of the head) is not easy to create. Specifically the different shades of light and images we can see on the photograph require sufficient knowledge on photography. This is particularly with regards to the estimated length of time and distance the paper should be placed under certain degree of light exposure. The different shades of images we just observed in figure 1 enables the viewers to appreciate the photo similar to the images that are illustrated in paintings. After observing the works of Man Ray, it is amazing to learn that each photographer has the option to create unique images even without the use of a

Testimonies of conversion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Testimonies of conversion - Essay Example Converts to Islam are generally expected to observe hard work, ethical behavior, and conservative distinctions between men and women although there other mandatory fulfillments for converts. These include; Acknowledging that, the Holy prophet Muhammad is the last messenger of Allah and after him there is no other prophet of Allah who will come, that the Qur'ran is the last of the divine books revealed and all its contents are true, that all the teachings given by the Holy Qur'an in absolute and unambiguous terms are true and acceptable and that the life hereafter will involve one facing the fate of his or her good and evil deeds. Reasons for conversion. This depends on ones belief in the right path of god, the love of another or the fact that another faith may seem, according to the convert, to be promoting a different and better way of living. Conversion and marriage. Ideally, it is not a correct practice to embrace Islam for the sake of marrying only. Therefore, one should know at the first instance that conversion to Islam is not meant for marriage. People convert just to follow a set of beliefs different from those of other family members or friends this can be termed as rebellion. It may be because someone wants to change certain aspects in their life. Forcible religious conversion, conversion may also result through coercion as it was the case during colonization in the 18th century and other periods in history. In such times, refusal to convert to Islam resulted in the massacre, destruction, rape of women and enslaving of men. Context of conversion. In college, converts may meet Muslims and get interested in their culture and religion. This develops into deep Interest in learning more and studying Qur'ran. If helped by other Muslims, one gets converted easily at this stage. Social reasons. Generally Muslims, especially women are viewed as honesty, and of high morals this strength of morality impacts on non Muslims hence making many to want to convert. Conversion through friends. Friends can help one in reading the Qur'an and answering any questions about the religion therefore it is an important mode of conversion. Almost without exception, changing to a new religious orientation takes place through what is referred to as kinship and friendship networks in sociology. Conversion through impersonal methods of communication, this happens through the electronic and other forms of media such as television. By watching an Imam preaching in television or listening to Qur'an readings in radio, many are led into conversion. Disillusionment with the western society. Many people are confused and disillusioned especially in the west about the true religion vis--vis their culture. This has led many to convert to Isla

Definition of the Word Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Definition of the Word Family - Essay Example The paper tells that family means a number of different things to different individuals- family may cross a number of generations, change, as a result, of certain changes in life events such as remarriage, divorce and children relocating from their parental homes, and might even span several households. In most cases, people find it easier to define a family by not how it looks or how it is structured but by its roles and functions- supporting, loving, caring and protecting those in a family. In defining a family, it is essential to realize that children and marriage are not prerequisites for the formation of a family. In the past few years, there has been a development to a boost in the amount of childless couples and smaller families, as well as, lone- person families or households. It is also critical to remember that extended families might cross or span more than one household, and that individuals living by themselves are not necessarily living without families. More and more i ndividuals are forming more than one family across their lifetime, because of the greater rates of re- partnering and separation. A number of types of families, and families at certain points in the family life- cycle, may have different needs, strength and vulnerabilities. Some of these include one- parent families, jobless families, indigenous families, families from different, diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds, families with responsibilities in caring, and families in remote and rural societies. It is clear from the points noted here that family is a complex unit that has no one specific definition (Forbes 2-34). The purpose of this article, consequently, is to draw attention to the different kinds of definitions of the family unit in regards to its functions, what it is, what it is not and according to how authorities define it. In addition to this, the paper will benefit exceedingly from examples derived from the book Journey by Sonia Nazario, which is a story about a certain family that will serve as an excellent example of what a family is and of different kinds of families. Family can be defined as the most fundamental unit. It represents individuals living together by ties of blood, marriage or adaption, therefore, representing a single household. According to sociology, the family unit as a key role of reproducing and expanding the society, both socially and biologically. There are numerous different structure of families based on the associations that exist between parents and children. There are different kinds of families present which are determined by who makes up the family. There are those families that only consist of the father and children; others are consisted of the mother and children. Other families consist of a mother, her children and other people who are in most cases derived from the mother’s family. Other families consists one or more mothers living together with their children, with other people and their spouses (Fine 65- 79). In this case, an example is the family described in the book the Journey, which at first was composed of the mother and her two children and member’s of Lourdes’ family. Relationships that exist between a family, and those that determine the type of the family, are those mainly between parents and children and they are different from culture to culture. One of the most common family types is the nuclear family. This family type is composed of the marital couple living with their children separate from other individuals. The joint family usually is the extension of the nuclear family, and exists when children of one sex stay at their parental home. In such a case, the children bring along their spouses to live with them in their parental home even after marriage (Fine 65- 79). These are only handful cases of the numerous types of families. Other kinds of families include only child families, large families, single parent families, blended families, gay an d lesbian parent

Demonstrations in Middle East Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Demonstrations in Middle East - Research Paper Example This demonstrations, all summed up, are referred to as the Arab Spring (Lindsey, 2013). The demonstrations have shared some methods of civil resistance in nonstop campaigns involving protests, strikes, rallies and marches, as well as the efficient use of the social media so as to organize, raise awareness and effectively communicate in the face of government efforts at internet censorship and repression (Haddad, Bsheer & Abu-Rish, 2012). A majority of the Arab Spring protests have been met with brutal responses from law enforcement, as well as from counter-demonstrators and pro-government militias. These attacks have been responded to with violence from protestors in a number of cases. A key slogan of the protestors in the Middle East has been â€Å"the people want to overthrow the regime† (Lindsey, 2013). Some critics have drawn links between the Arab Spring and the Revolutions of 1989, which swept through the Second World and Eastern Europe, in terms of their significance an d scale (Lindsey, 2013). The Arab Spring caused a series of ground-breaking movements, which are exceptional in that they used social media as a useful means to spread information and enhance rebellious agendas. This discovery needs consideration in all future literatures of revolution, as well as the notions of narrative, ideology, momentum and unifying causes (Lindsey, 2013). The Arab Spring is the first joint movement of its sort in the Middle East following the social media and internet revolutions of the late 20th and the early 21st centuries, and techniques, tactics and procedures used by resistance movements during the Arab Spring might also affect future movements (Hearns, 2012). This paper will discuss the demonstrations in the Middle East and specifically focus on how the social media helped spawn these demonstrations. The paper will also discuss how the influential use of social media to help foster the Arab Spring will also affect future revolutionary movements. Followin g the latest events taking place in Syria, Iraq, Iran and other Middle East states, a significant amount of awareness has been centered on the notion of collective activism and democracy, which goes on to untangle before Western eyes across mass media (Lindsey, 2013). Also, significant has been the position of the social media, as well as digital technologies, in permitting people in areas distressed by the demonstrations, as a way for joint activism, to evade channels of state-run media. Nine out of 10 Syrians and Iraqis responded to a survey that they used Facebook or Twitter to spread awareness and organize protests. In addition, 28% of Syrians and 29% of Iraqis from the same study said that blocking Facebook significantly disrupted and/or hindered communication (Lindsey, 2013). The power of social media on political revolution during the Middle East demonstrations has received considerable debated (Haddad, Bsheer & Abu-Rish, 2012). Some researchers have debated that digital tech nologies, as well as other methods of communication such as cellular phones, videos, blogs, text messages and photos, have led to the theory of a 'digital democracy' in parts of the Middle East affected by the mass demonstrations (Haddad, Bsheer & Abu-Rish, 2012). Others have argued that so as to comprehend the role of social media during these demonstrations, it should be first be comprehended that in the context of high

Scheduling Models for an Inpatient Nursing Unit Assignment

Scheduling Models for an Inpatient Nursing Unit - Assignment Example Below is a recommendation on the unit’s scheduling model. A flexible scheduling model is recommended for the unit because of its suitability for the unit’s environmental factors and because of its advantages relative to cyclical scheduling that the unit applies currently. One of the characteristics of flexible scheduling is its ability to adjust to changing environmental factors that are expected of the unit. Possible change from agency hiring identifies potential delay in filling vacancies and therefore temporary staff shortage. In addition, change implementation such as the introduction of a new electronic nursing documentation system and associated need for training induces temporary burden on personnel. The same effect is expected from the expected leave of an employee and a flexible scheduling approach would ensure ability to meet extra needs at minimum cost and efficiently. Being used to a flexible system, employees will likely accept changes for accommodating extra needs that if a cyclical system, which fixed, was in place. A ssociated resistance with cyclical system that would require temporary hiring of personnel or hiring of additional personnel o cover temporary shortages solves the cost problem. I addition to the cost and effectiveness advantages, flexible scheduling ensures personnel innovation, motivation, satisfaction, and unity and ensures that personnel work within their capacities. These also ensure sufficient coverage, quality, and stability. The scheduling approach requires coordination among personnel, who share patient, for quality output. Cyclical scheduling is not suitable for the unit’s dynamic environment, even though it has such benefits as â€Å"even coverage, high stability, and lower cost† (Ozcan, 2009, n,.p.). Interchanging shift patterns is also recommended because of the flexibility advantages. Implementing the change from

Design and Implementation of the Website Assignment

Design and Implementation of the Website - Assignment Example This ensures that these maxims are wide banded and thus are applicable to a wide range of design criteria2. The audience for this website is expected to span all kinds of age ranges, demographic and socio-economic backgrounds because emergencies could occur anywhere at any point in time. Therefore, there was a consistent need to ensure that the design criteria for the website were pervasive and would fit most audiences well. Lund’s usability maxims are presented below along with the appropriate design incorporation in the website. It must be kept in mind that these criteria are listed in order of decreasing importance according to their mean rating of importance derived from Lund’s work. 1.2.1. Identifying the User This website is intended for audiences looking for information on First Aid in general and more specifically audiences specific to Newcastle University. This indicates that the concerned audience could consist of: any age range between 10 and 65 years of age; any demographic background as there are international students on campus; any forms of disability; people with different levels of computer interaction and knowledge; people with little knowledge of first aid; people in a panicked state. The criteria listed above describe the typical user for the website. Among other concerns, the major concern was the state of panic in which certain users would visit the website. The website is intended as a first-hand reference for first aid in emergency situations so it can be expected that people in emergencies would visit the website for seeking out what to do. Given this overriding constraint, it would make a lot of sense if the website tends to deliver the required content with the least effort required by presenting an... The essay "Design and Implementation of the Website" describes all the necessary steps for creation an information site so that it will deliver useful even lifesaving information in the simplest possible manner. This website is intended for audiences looking for information on First Aid and for audiences specific to Newcastle University. This indicates that the concerned audience could consist of any age range between 10 and 65 years of age; any demographic background as there are international students on campus; any forms of disability; people with different levels of computer interaction and knowledge; people with little knowledge of first aid; people in a panicked state. The criteria listed above describes the typical users of the website. The major concern was the state of panic in which certain users would visit the website. The website is intended as a first-hand reference for first aid in emergency situations so it can be expected that people in emergencies would visit the website for seeking out what to do. Given this overriding constraint, it would make a lot of sense if the website tends to deliver the required content with the least effort required by presenting an intuitive interface that is operable by anyone. The key element here is simplicity of use that offers information just when required through the application of minimal computing expertise. Based on this usability criterion, the website was provided with a fitting logo on top that sticks out prominently to indicate the nature of the website.

Japanese tariff on imported rice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Japanese tariff on imported rice - Research Paper Example These policies were modified sequentially thereafter until early 1980s when, as a result of pressure from Trading partners such as US made them open up rice borders. For instance, California rice producers in 1986 filed a petition to the government of United States under section 301 of the constitution that the policies of Japan were detrimental to the industry. During this time, Japan was imposing a subsidy of up to $2,200 per metric ton to domestic producers in Japan. As a result, the subsidies were about 10 times the World prices (Bergsten, Fred, Itō, & Noland, 2001). A tariff is a levied tax on the imports that raise effectively the cost of the goods imported in relation to the domestic products. Some specific tariffs are imposed as a charge that is fixed for very unit of imported good. In tariffs, there are entities that lose and those that gains. In more general terms, the state in most cases increases significantly since tariffs increases the revenue of the state. In addition, domestic producers gain since the tariff offers them protection against external competitors by cost increase of the foreign goods imported. As a result, consumer loses since they must pay extra for the imports. Thus, tariffs are anti-consumer and pro-producer, and they reduce the global efficiency of the economy (Bergsten, Fred, Itō, & Noland, 2001). As part of the policy introduced by the government, imports on rice have been banned by the government in Japan except the processed forms. In the same regard, disproportionate governing authority wielded by rice farmer’s production of rice has been subsidized. Trade friction between US and Japan has worsened. Tokyo logical basis on imposing such policies is to attain self-sufficiency in the production for food security reasons. In the same vein, farm groups domestically have maintained that cultivation of rice is part of their cultural diversity. Hayami (1988) argued that consumers of rice

Online vs Brick and Mortar Essay Example for Free

Online vs Brick and Mortar Essay In today’s world, everyone is always so busy and sometimes there is just not enough time in the day to get all your work done. Technology is changing to make everything in our lives easier; like the way we pay bills, online banking, find information, get reviews, order tickets, and so much more. One thing that technology has changed that is beneficial for everyone is the way we shop. Brick-and-mortar has always existed, but now with online shopping it has become a competition to the old-fashioned way. Most people spend their days at work, then come home to clean, cook dinner, help the children with homework, and get them ready for bed. With all that going on people sometimes forget things that they were supposed to do. So now instead of bothering to go to the store, you can comfortably sit on the couch and shop for what you need without all the hassle. Online shopping is becoming more popular these days, because you can now get anything you want without leaving your home, it has many benefits, different sale opportunities, but there are also some inconveniences. When you are at the store, have you ever experienced one of those annoying and eager sales people trying to pressure you to buy a certain product that you have no interest in or just looking at? When shopping online you will not experience that problem any more. Online shopping has many advantages that benefit everyone, which going to the traditional store does not offer. Now you do not have to leave your home when you want to go to the store. You will not be wasting money on the gas to get there and back. Also when you shop online you never have to worry about the Internet closing (Top 10 Benefits Of Online Shopping, 2013). Stores have a closing time, except Wal-Mart, and if you don’t make it before closing you are out of luck until the next day. You will not have to worry about if the store is busy or if the lines will be long, because it will only be you on your computer. Online shopping is perfect if your town or state does not have the store that you love to shop at. Now you can get on the computer and still shop there without all the travel time. The best thing about online shopping is that there is normally more selection (Top 10 Benefits Of Online Shopping, 2013). If you went to the store already and if they did not have what you wanted any more, you could go online and there are normally more or different products you can pick from. Another benefit to online shopping is sending gifts (Top 10 Benefits Of Online Shopping, 2013). If your friends or relatives live in a different state, instead of mailing a gift you can go online, buy the item, and have them ship it to the recipient’s home. When shopping online compared to going to the store, you will receive different promotion or discount opportunities. Instead of going to all the stores checking for the best price on a certain item, you can easily look at all the stores online without all the extra work (Top 10 Benefits Of Online Shopping, 2013). Unlike shopping in the store, when shopping online you can Google discount codes for that store and save more money with the codes they offer. If you find yourself online shopping at the same store frequently it would be a good idea to sign up for their e-mail list. You will receive weekly codes free shipping and deals online that they do not normally have in the stores. Online shopping is marvelous to look at other people’s reviews on the product you are about to buy (Top 10 Benefits Of Online Shopping, 2013). If there are terrible reviews, you will save money by not choosing the poorly reviewed item. That benefit is not offered when shopping in the store. There are always inconveniences to trying to buy things online that you would not experience if you went to the store. If you are trying to buy clothing or shoes, you will have to know what your size is or you could order the wrong one. Most stores very in sizes, so it is not wise to order online if you are not familiar with your size from that particular store. When shopping for things like furniture or home dà ©cor, it may be hard to tell the size or exact color so when you get that item you may not like it in person. If you were shopping online for lotion, perfume, or makeup you may not like the scent, color, or feel of that product, but if you went to the store you would not deal with problem like that. Another thing that causes inconveniences is the shipping costs and the amount shopping time (Advantage Disadvantage Of Shopping Online, 1993). Instead of wasting gas money, you have to spend money shipping the products to your house, and it could take days to get there. At that point you are only saving mileage on your car. When shopping online it will be important to know the return policy of that specific store, because all the stores are different. If you order something online, and you cannot return the item you are stuck with it no matter what (Advantage Disadvantage Of Shopping Online, 1993). Also there can be an issue of not having a credit card. If you are the type of person who chooses not to have one, then you cannot order items online. If you go shopping at the store you have the option of paying by cash, check, or credit card. If you do have a credit card and order online then you have to worry about identity theft and making sure that website has a secure checkout (Advantage Disadvantage Of Shopping Online, 1993). Technology will continue to expand, help make our lives easier, and create less of a hassle. Brick and mortar will always be a way to shop, but online shopping will continue to grow and become more popular as technology adapts to the future. When you online shop it makes your shopping time easier and shorter compared to brick-and-mortar shopping. You would not have to bother getting ready or driving there, you could sit in the comfort of your own home while ordering the items you need without leaving your home. Although brick-and-mortar shopping is better to actually see, touch, and try what you will buy, which is something online shopping does not offer (Advantage Disadvantage Of Shopping Online, 1993). When shopping online it is easy to quickly find a coupon to save you some money, which is another thing you can’t do in the store. Online or brick and mortar shopping, everyone has their own preference.

The Spread of Islam in the Middle East Essay Example for Free

The Spread of Islam in the Middle East Essay The Muslim Perspective   Islam is the religion of all prophets of God, including Adam, Abraham, Lot, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad.   Born in Mecca, Muhammad is known among Muslims as the final messenger of God to have brought a divine book on earth for the guidance of humanity.   Moreover, he is the reviver of Islam, rather than its founding father.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the time of Muhammad’s birth in Mecca, Arabia was going through a period called the Age of Ignorance.   The followers of Abraham’s faith had turned to idol worship, and turned the Holy Ka’aba into a house of idols which they circumambulated naked.    Tribal feuds were very common; bloodshed was not rare.   Moreover, the society of Arabia at the time looked down upon women so much so that its people buried their baby girls alive.   Crime flourished, and there was no hope of bringing justice into the existing order.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Muhammad grew up among idol worshippers, who referred to him as Sadiq (Truthful) and Amin (Trustworthy).   At the age of forty, the man was visited by Archangel Gabriel who informed me about the new message of God to be revealed to Muhammad in order to revive the faith of Abraham once again. This message was the same as that received by the messengers before Muhammad.   The most important tenet of the faith was that there is no god except Allah (translated in Arabic as The God); and nobody else has any right to be worshipped.   The rest of the Ten Commandments were also included as the basic principles of faith.   Humanity, through Muhammad’s revival of Islam, was reminded to do good deeds, to stop killing unlawfully, to honor the parents, to stay away from adultery and fornication, and to expect final judgment and the afterlife in either heaven or hell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With its social ills, the society of Arabia required reform at the time that Muhammad received the message of God.   Many people, upon hearing Muhammad’s message in Mecca, embraced Islam.   The prophet also sent some of his followers to other cities of Arabia in order to spread the message.   Once again, he was joined by a lot of people who embraced the faith and accepted him as a God-sent guide on earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Muhammad was also visited by some of the people from Medina, previously known as Yathrib.   These people wholeheartedly accepted Islam, before Muhammad moved to their city faced by severe trials in Mecca.   Such trials were posed by the idol worshippers of Mecca who insisted on continuing to worship idols as well their practices from the Age of Ignorance.   Even when Muhammad had moved to Medina, the idol worshippers of Mecca kept on harassing him and his followers.   This led to various battles between the forces of God and Muhammad, and those of the infidels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Muhammad and his followers were often victorious on the battlefield.   Although they lost much at the same time, their main force was Allah who never let them give up in the face of trials.   By the time Muhammad conquered Mecca, the Muslims alongside Muhammad had become a tremendous power. As a matter of fact, the prophet of God conquered Mecca without bloodshed.   The awe that he had inspired in his enemies was enough to allow him and his followers a peaceful reentry into the city of the Ka’aba.   Many of Muhammad’s enemies also embraced Islam.   Historians inform us that even his enemies were thoroughly impressed by Muhammad’s personality, and especially his sense of forgiveness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Muhammad expired soon after the conquest of Mecca.   His followers, having spent time with a great role model, continued to fight battles against the infidels who provoked them.   Furthermore, the prophet’s followers continued to move to far and distant places to spread the message of Islam.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Muhammad’s followers entered many lands in the Middle East as conquerors and rulers.   After settling in new lands in the Middle East, they showed by example the humane treatment of peoples that Muhammad himself had shown them.   Countless people embraced Islam in the Middle East, although they were never forced to do so, given that Islam prohibits the use of force to spread the message of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Muslim conquests were always for the cause of God’s faith.   Hence, Umar, one of the four chiefs or caliphs of Islam after Muhammad, took Muslim armies to invade Palestine and Mesopotamia.   Muslim armies under Umar also won a crushing victory over the Byzantines.   This paved the way for them to conquer Egypt and Syria.   Following a victory over the Sassanid Empire, Umar and his followers also overwhelmed the Persians in Mesopotamia. The Non-Muslim Perspective Although Muhammad had a great personality, his faith was essentially spread by the sword.   Muhammad only claimed that he was God’s messenger by taking notes from the Holy Bible.   Moreover, his followers conquered many lands because they were greedy for power.   People in the Middle East who came to be ruled by Muslim invaders had no choice but to accept Islam, given that the Muslims inspired fear into the non-Muslims.

War Crimes In Wwii Japan History Essay

War Crimes In Wwii Japan History Essay This paper addresses issues related to war crimes committed by the Japanese during World War Two (1942-45). It begins with a brief history, background information, and continues with an analysis of the Japanese wartime mentality that includes selected events in depth. The subsequent sections of this paper identify and describe what war crimes are, and elaborate on two vital examples during World War II. In doing so, this paper will analyze the issue of war crimes and its impact and denial as a feature within Japanese politics. The militaristic tradition feudalistic structure which concentrated power in the hands of the daimyo establishes the historical precedence that lead to the development of Japanese wartime mentality. At the top of the class structure was the Samurai Warrior Class. The Samurai were about 10% of the population and they commanded respect. The Samurai answered only to their leader the Daimyo which were the landed aristocratic leaders. Samurai as top of the class structure and in many ways sanctioned them to do anything as long as it was for and in service for their masters/warlords The tactical and political demands of the Japanese militarists outdated the strict moral and ethical essentials of the Code of Bushido. Firstly, the term Bushido is a concept that includes a large amount of interpretation. Its vital exposing the misleading context of bushido to show that within this flexible doctrine, any action can be interpreted as just or moral as long as it fulfills the end goal. For a law of a doctrine to be corrupt, and illegal action to ensue, the laws must be clearly defined which the code of bushido was not. Secondly, Bushido emphasized obedience above all over aspects of conduct. It was required as long as it serve the motives of the individual, giving them the freedom unrestrictive action which can be seen in the Japanese conduct in WWII making their behaviour part of a continuous pattern of martial culture. As an ideal construct, Bushido emphasized honesty, filial piety, honor, selflessness, loyalty and unquestioning obedience to ones superiors. In fact, according to the Historian Yuki Tanaka, the brutality committed by Japanese soldiers during WWII was an effect of the subordination and the corruption of the Code of Bushido. The second example would be Nationalism. It was in this environment that the Tokugawa Shogunate was toppled and the emperor re-empowered during the Meiji Restoration of 1868. It was also in this environment, faced with external dangers and internal instability that the Japanese government became more centralized and the importance of nationalism and patriotism was stressed to the people. Loyalty was transferred from the daimyo and the shogun to the emperor-though the emperor largely remained a figurehead and the real machinations of government were being run by an oligarchy of powerful politicians. In order to develop a deep and abiding sense of nationalism it was necessary to stress what was uniquely Japanese. According to Conroy (1955:828), the program was to be national renovation, purification of the national polity, are turn to the traditional Eastern morality. By reviving traditional Japanese ethics the Meiji government could bring the people together under a set of commonly shared values that were unique to the Japanese. This would help create a national consciousness which is a necessary component of nationalism. This moral revival largely focused on stressing traditional Shinto and Confucian ethical precepts. There was another source of ethical values, however, one which centered on the values of loyalty, honor and courage-just the values that the Meiji leaders wanted to instill. This source was Bushido, Jansen points out that the samurai served as ideal ethical types, theoretically committed to service and indifferent to personal danger and gain (2000:101).These were precisely the values that the Meiji leadership wanted to instill in the population. From the abolition of the class structure, this clearly created a tight unification among the inhabitants of Japan and this is what pushed national strength to survive. Looking forward this can be seen as the progression of the us vs. them mind-set that can be found frequently in war. By creating this exaggeration of the virtues of samurai heritage, it intensifies and separates self-image of the Japanese as a virtuous and warrior-like population from everyone else. During World War II, Japanese society was a volatile combination of feudalism and nationalism that concluded in a national acceptance of military rule during the war years. The Japanese armed forces were a highly nationalistic, well established modern fighting force. Their doctrine was the Bushido code of feudal Japan permitted the fighting code of Japans servicemen Stephen van Evera notes that the effects of nationalism depend heavily on the beliefs of nationalist movements, especially their self-images. He also argues that chauvinist mythmaking is a hallmark of nationalism and that self-glorifying myths encourage citizens to contribute to the national community-to pay taxes, join the army, and fight for the nations defense (van Evera, 1994:26-27, 30) Japans movement toward militarism began after the overthrow of the Tokugawa Shogunate and the commencement of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, with Meiji oligarchs adoption of fukoku kyohei, meaning rich country, strong military. The Meiji Oligarchs did show signs of restraint towards expressions of militarism and imperialism in the first portion (decades?) of the Meiji period but this did not mean that they did not agree with the goals of foreign and military expansion. They first focused more on modernization and economic growth to catch up with Western industrial powers before they took any steps to expand Japans influence in foreign matters. Japanese militarism and imperialism progressively developed for five principal reasons. The first reason was Japans desire to be a Western-style imperialist power and the second reason was Japans concerns for its security and safety which played an important roles in the growth of militarism up to the end of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. The next two reasons, Japans belief in its leadership role for Asia and Japans frequent provocations by Western powers, gave rise to an expansion of militarism and imperialism from 1905 to the 1930s. The final reason, Japans desire to secure its economic interests, rose in importance as Japan entered the decade of the 1930s. The last example is during the Meiji Restoration (1868) it also resulted in the refashioning of old militaristic goals to include expansionist ambitions overseas; such as Japans desire to be a Western-style imperialist power its concerns for its security and safety, its belief in its leadership role for Asia and its desire to secure its economic interests. National survival became tied to imperialism and expansionist ambitions with increased contact with imperialistic Western countries. The island nation became to a point paranoid with Western countries and its influence; from economically and militaristically catching up, unequal treaties that brought them humiliation, to freeing other Asian countries from Western imperialist power. Militaristic tradition, the development of a fiercely nationalistic culture which helped led to the development of Japans leaders imperialistic ambitions pitted the Japanese us against outsiders. The combination of these three historical developments led to the formation of a Japanese mentality where any kind of military action against outsiders was sanctioned as long as it furthered the larger goal of increasing Japanese strength and ensuring the nations survival. This ethnocentric view was not uncommon among imperialist countries and explains the way Japanese (and in fact, imperialist countries) viewed war crimes. Understanding the Japanese mentality towards the war and their nations role in it helps shed light on how war crimes were perceived by the Japanese. As such, I would define war crime in the Japanese eyes during World War II as follows. A war crime is an act of cruelty against ones own people that is neither to the countrys benefit in any form nor sanctioned by ones superior. By approaching the war crime in this context, it is possible to deduce that the Japanese soldiers did not see the acts of cruelty they committed during the war as crimes for they were all for the larger Japanese imperialistic goals and furthermore, committed against outsiders. Japanese troops entered the capital on 13 December 1937 and for six weeks, conducted a campaign of terror, humiliation and brutality known as the murder and rape of Nanking. Civilians and captured military personnel were subjected to looting, rape, torture, decapitation, mass killings and killing practice exercises. From a population of approximately 600,000-700,000 inhabitants in the city before it fell, it is estimated that at least 300,000 were killed and at least 20,000 were raped. Of all the atrocities committed in the Asian territories occupied by Imperial Japan between 1937-1945, the Nanjing Massacre is perhaps the most well-known. As historian Professor Charles S. Maier (Harvard University) has written: Within both Japan and Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the Nanjing Massacre has assumed the somewhat same salience in public memory as the Holocaust in Europe and Americaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The Japanese armys killing spree at Nanjingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ has become the other emblematic massacre of the Pacific War, and it remains the epitome of the cruelty and aggression that the Japanese military unleashed. The Nanjing rampage seems all the more atrocious in that it involved not what has seemed so horrifying about the Holocaust its bureaucratized planning and mechanized execution but the often gleeful killing of perhaps hundreds of thousands of civilians by individual soldiers using sword and bayonet as well as bullet. The killings were all the more appalling in that they were unnecessary for the military objective, continued after the victory was secured, and apparently involved such joyful or at least indifferent murder. (Bold mine) Brutal killings that seemed to have no meaning after victory was secured killing contests Japanese saw these acts as demonstrations of military prowess which harks back to samurai brutality in the past during the Sengoku era .Japanese did not see outsiders as equals and because of that, not really worthy of compassion or sympathy and treated them as lesser beings. Mentality of Japanese as the superior race with them making light of the lives of outsiders is not unique. This can be seen in Germanys persecution of Jews during WWI or known as the racist dimension of Social Darwinism. The official and extensive enslavement of young women by the imperial government for sexual exploitation stands out as one of the most egregious examples of how women suffer the cruelest blows of war. Historians have estimated that as many as 200,000 civilian women were forcibly conscripted in Japanese-occupied countries between 1931 and 1945 and forced to serve as sexual slaves in Japanese Army brothels. The Imperial Japanese Army assigned these victims the euphemistic term comfort women. The majority of these women were conscripted in China and Korea, but this barbarous practice occurred in every country occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army. Representatives of the Japanese government pressed them into sexual servitude with lies, including promises of education, or simply by snatching them from the streets. Usually taken from their home countries to military brothels elsewhere, they were kept isolated and imprisoned. From China, Korea, SEA and even Japan itself, perhaps the fact that it included even Japanese women makes it even more of a controversial topic to talk about. Also, the 90s saw women coming out to tell of their experiences which kept this crime alive and an important feature of Japanese dealings with the outside world long after the end of WWII. Comfort woman is an example of how different forms of oppression work within a system of war. The oppression faced by the combination of race and gender create a dangerous environment for these women. These two factors worked to dehumanize Japanese women and justify the behaviour of the government. Even the language used to describe this crime is a euphemism. Language is a very powerful tool used by the government to legitimize the rape and enslavement of thousands of women. Taking away their autonomy and reducing Japanese woman to their reproductive organs denies them basic human rights. The system of comfort woman also intersects with another form of oppression class. Comfort woman were woman of the lowest class. Therefore you have a government that is using its most marginalized demographic as a tool during war. Japanese view of women are lesser than men, purpose: to service men thus even enslaved Japanese women as comfort women, needs of the soldiers come before anyone else (harks back to samurai superiority were always the top of the class structure before Meiji period). Although due to its borders the definition of war crime as mentioned above, since it included crimes against their own people as well, comfort women remains an issue that nationalists politicians struggle to reconcile even till today. Notably, this difference in perception over war crimes carries on up till today which leads to the issue of war crimes still being a feature of Japanese politics. The Tokyo War Crimes Trials (1946 1948): Ultimately, victors convicting the losers, outsiders convicting the Japanese. Japanese defendants accused of war crimes were tried by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, which was established by a charter issued by U.S. Army General Douglas MacArthur. The so-called Tokyo Charter closely followed the Nà ¼rnberg Charter. The trials were conducted in English and Japanese and lasted nearly two years. Of the 25 Japanese defendants (all of whom were convicted), 7 were sentenced to hang, 16 were given life imprisonment, and 2 were sentenced to lesser terms. Except for those who died early of natural causes in prison, none of the imprisoned Japanese war criminals served a life sentence. Instead, by 1958 the remaining prisoners had been either pardoned or paroled. Japans refusal to acknowledge its war guilt and war crimes stands in stark contrast to the willingness of Germany to confront its war crimes. However, it is arguable that Japan has only been able to avoid squarely confronting its war guilt and war crimes because of the active connivance of the United States. In 1948, intensification of the Cold War persuaded the American government that Japan should become an American ally and bulwark against the spread of communism in Asia. This was unlikely to happen if investigation and prosecution of Japanese for war crimes continued. This is what many believe what sparked the Japanese government to refuse to acknowledge Japans military aggression. Many Japanese LDP members of parliament, government officials, academics, and revisionist film makers have aligned themselves with militarists and extreme nationalists in claiming that Japans intervention in China in 1931, 1933, and 1937 was necessary to liberate the Chinese from exploitation by Western colonial interests. Even if political figures do apologize to their neighbours they receive backlash and negative reactions in Japan. When Japans first Socialist Prime Minister, Tomiichi Murayama, was touring South-East Asia in 1995, he apologised for the tremendous damage and suffering caused by Japans colonial rule and aggressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in the not too distant past. Murayamas apology did not mention atrocities such as the Nanjing Massacre, and was the closest Japan has ever come to an admission of war guilt and apology for its war crimes. The apology by Murayama was viewed as inadequate in China but caused widespread fury in Japan. Another large issue over the years would be the textbook controversies. In 1962, an officially sponsored seven-volume history of the Pacific War was published. This sanitised history, called Japans Way into the Pacific War, ignored Japans military aggression across East Asia and the western Pacific and the countless atrocities committed by Japans military. From then, textbooks have been censored from statistical data such as the fatality rates, creating false historical information or even downplaying of words and content. Impact on foreign relations even to this day tensions between Japan and its Asian neighbours escalated from time to time. On Wednesday, the 67th anniversary of the end of World War Two, as South Korea and China both told Tokyo to do much more to resolve lingering bitterness over its past military aggression .Despite close economic ties in one of the worlds wealthiest regions, memories of Japans wartime occupation of much of China and colonisation of South Korea run deep in the two countries. Throughout wars there have always been casualties from both sides. The death tolls which include the estimates of all deaths that are either directly or indirectly cause by war, within World War II are the highest. The two most infamous executions by the Japanese military are the Nanjing massacre and the development of comfort women. Through western influence and the Meiji Restoration is what progressed into Japanese nationalism and expansionism. To this day Japans neighbors are bitter towards their history which can be seen through the attitudes of the older generation in Asia, the text book controversies and the constant refusal to accept their war crimes.

Culture of the Dominican Republic Essay -- Cultural Dominical Republic

Culture of the Dominican Republic The People Dominicans’ ethnicity consists of Taino, Spanish and African. The native people on the island were the Taino. The Taino were hunter and gatherers who lived off the land. Led by Christopher Columbus, the Spanish conquered the island in 1492. The Spanish overtook the Taino forcing them to be their slaves while killing many in the process. The Africans were then later brought to the island as slaves. Certain traits of these ethnic groups are still present in the Dominican culture, such as the food, language, religion and personality of the people (Goodwin, 116). A true Taino is hard to come by in the Dominican Republic, yet most Dominicans consider themselves part Taino. During the conquest the Spanish killed massive amounts of this indigenous group and their population almost vanished. However, Taino culture is still seen in some of the foods that are eaten in the Dominican Republic. Dominicans also use some of the Taino’s words in their language, such as tobacco, hammock and canoe (Lonely Planet website). One of the most significant aspects of Taino culture that is still present today is the importance of land. The Taino lived off the land and respected Mother Nature. This is still seen in Dominican agriculture which grows a rich produce of bananas, coffee, sugarcane, tobacco and cacao. Importing these products is one of their major sources of income (Goodwin, 116). The Dominicans have intermarried with Tainos, Spanish and African people but their African physical features are still present. Dominicans come in all different colors, ranging from very dark to very light and everything in between. Dominicans see skin color differently than it is seen in the ... ...Lonely Planet; Goodwin, 116-117). Throughout the history of the Dominican Republic certain heritage groups have played an important role in creating the Dominican culture. The Taino gave the Dominicans their love of Mother Nature, the African slaves gave them their physical appearance and the Spanish conquistadors shaped the Dominican’s language and religion. Although some influences are more dominant than others, overall the Dominican culture is a mix of three heritage groups that create a unique and intriguing culture. Bibliography Foner, Nancy. From Ellis Island to JFK. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. Goodwin, Paul Jr. â€Å"The Dominican Republic.† Latin America Tenth Edition. Guilford, CN: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin, 2003. Lonely Planet http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/caribbea/dominican_republic/culture.htm Accessed 22 March 2004

Do You Have A Voice :: essays research papers

Would you just stand by, as Nazis soldiers kidnapped your neighbors just because they were different? If you would, you have no voice and you need to develop one. Many people had neighbors who were taken away and killed by the Nazis. They just stood there, let it happen and did not utter a word. In the book, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, written by, Mark Twain, it shows the development of a young boy, and he does develop a voice. The main character, Huckleberry Finn, is a white, southern boy expected to believe in what everyone else believes in. He does not want to be like everyone else and he changes. If you develop, or have a voice, you can make a difference.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the story, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck plays a trick on Jim. Jim is Huck’s runaway slave friend. So, as the story goes, Huck plays a trick on Jim and Jim thinks that Huck is dead. When Jim finally realizes that Huck is not dead, he gets really angry at Huck. Jim says, “ Dat truck dah is trash; en trash is what people is dat puts dirt on de head er dey fren’s em makes ‘em ashamed.'; That line, from the story, is basically saying that Huck is trash for doing that to Jim. Then fifteen minutes later Huck goes into Jim’s wigwam and apologizes. This is showing that Huck does have a voice because any other white person from the south would not apologize to a slave. The slaves were thought of as being lower than any white person and Huck was showing that a slave as equal to him or even better than him because he went and apologized to Jim. By doing this Huck was different and developed a voice because if he had no voice he wou ld have gotten angry with Jim for calling him trash and Huck would not have apologized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The article, that accompanied my writing assignment, is about a man named Elie Wiesel. Wiesel is a Holocaust survivor, he is an author, has won the Noble Peace Prize, and most important of all, Wiesel has a voice. Egil Aarvik, chairman of the Norwegian Noble Committee, said, “Wiesel’s mission is not to gain the world’s sympathy for the victims or the survivors. His aim is to awaken our conscience.'; With Wiesel’s focus on getting us to realize what happened during the Holocaust, he has made a voice for himself.

Appearance versus Reality in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- essays res

The play 'Othello' is an epiphany of the ultimate battle between appearance versus reality in the respect that Iago is the complete opposite from what he appears to be. Everyone involved with him separately thinks that he is doing them favors, when actually he is a backstabbing, conniving person who is the essence of evil and is often referred to as half-man, half-devil. Contrary to Iago, Othello is often referred to as a God-like figure, innocent in every way: trusting and naà ¯ve. Unfortunately for Othello, this serves as his eventual downfall helping Iago play Othello like a harp, which results in Desdemona's death. Iago's two-sided face and the other characters' readiness to believe him before thinking twice is the driving force of the play and its plot. Everyone involved with Iago separately thinks that he is doing them favors, when actually he is a backstabbing, conniving person who is the essence of evil and is often referred to as half-man, half-devil. 'I am not what I am.' This is a quote that should not be taken for granted. In this quote, Iago describes himself as a demonic Satan-like person contradicting God's quote 'I am that I am.' Indeed, Iago represents the very essence of the play's theme: appearance versus reality. In reality he is the cunning, untrustworthy, selfish, and plotting evil that the audience gets to know through his soliloquies, but in his appearance he is that same old, trustworthy, run of the mill Iago that they think they know so well. In fact, Othello, after he murders his own wife, accredits Iago as, 'An honest man he is, and hates the slime/ That sticks on filthy deeds.' Inopportunely for Othello, who seems to trust Iago so, Iago is the exact opposite of what Othello takes him to be. Iag... ...by Othello, and yet denied it every bit, preserving her honor as, in her eyes, a sacred and tangible reality. The play ?Othello? is an epiphany of the ultimate battle between appearance versus reality in the respect that Iago is the complete opposite from what he appears to be. Everyone involved with him separately thinks that he is doing them favors, when actually he is a backstabbing, conniving person who is the essence of evil and is often referred to as half-man, half-devil. Contrary to Iago, Othello is often referred to as a God-like figure, innocent in every way: trusting and naà ¯ve. Unfortunately for Othello, this serves as his eventual downfall helping Iago play Othello like a harp, which results in Desdemona?s death. Iago?s two-sided face and the other characters? readiness to believe him before thinking twice is the driving force of the play and its plot. Appearance versus Reality in Shakespeare's Othello Essay -- essays res The play 'Othello' is an epiphany of the ultimate battle between appearance versus reality in the respect that Iago is the complete opposite from what he appears to be. Everyone involved with him separately thinks that he is doing them favors, when actually he is a backstabbing, conniving person who is the essence of evil and is often referred to as half-man, half-devil. Contrary to Iago, Othello is often referred to as a God-like figure, innocent in every way: trusting and naà ¯ve. Unfortunately for Othello, this serves as his eventual downfall helping Iago play Othello like a harp, which results in Desdemona's death. Iago's two-sided face and the other characters' readiness to believe him before thinking twice is the driving force of the play and its plot. Everyone involved with Iago separately thinks that he is doing them favors, when actually he is a backstabbing, conniving person who is the essence of evil and is often referred to as half-man, half-devil. 'I am not what I am.' This is a quote that should not be taken for granted. In this quote, Iago describes himself as a demonic Satan-like person contradicting God's quote 'I am that I am.' Indeed, Iago represents the very essence of the play's theme: appearance versus reality. In reality he is the cunning, untrustworthy, selfish, and plotting evil that the audience gets to know through his soliloquies, but in his appearance he is that same old, trustworthy, run of the mill Iago that they think they know so well. In fact, Othello, after he murders his own wife, accredits Iago as, 'An honest man he is, and hates the slime/ That sticks on filthy deeds.' Inopportunely for Othello, who seems to trust Iago so, Iago is the exact opposite of what Othello takes him to be. Iag... ...by Othello, and yet denied it every bit, preserving her honor as, in her eyes, a sacred and tangible reality. The play ?Othello? is an epiphany of the ultimate battle between appearance versus reality in the respect that Iago is the complete opposite from what he appears to be. Everyone involved with him separately thinks that he is doing them favors, when actually he is a backstabbing, conniving person who is the essence of evil and is often referred to as half-man, half-devil. Contrary to Iago, Othello is often referred to as a God-like figure, innocent in every way: trusting and naà ¯ve. Unfortunately for Othello, this serves as his eventual downfall helping Iago play Othello like a harp, which results in Desdemona?s death. Iago?s two-sided face and the other characters? readiness to believe him before thinking twice is the driving force of the play and its plot.

Factors Affecting Solubility

There are three main factors that control solubility of a solute. (1) Temperature (2) Nature of solute or solvent (3) Pressure EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE Generally in many cases solubility increases with the rise in temperature and decreases with the fall of temperature but it is not necessary in all cases. However we must follow two behaviours: In endothermic process, solubility increases with the increase in temperature and vice versa. For example: solubility of potassium nitrate increases with the increase in temperature. In exothermic process, solubility decrease with the increase in temperature.For example: solubility of calcium oxide decreases with the increase in temperature. Gases are more soluble in cold solvent than in hot solvent. NATURE OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT Solubility of a solute in a solvent purely depends on the nature of both solute and solvent. A polar solute dissolved in polar solvent. Solubility of a non-polar solute in a solvent is large. A polar solute has low solubil ity or insoluble in a non-polar solvent. EFFECT OF PRESSURE The effect of pressure is observed only in the case of gases. An increase in pressure increases of solubility of a gas in a liquid.For example carbon dioxide is filled in cold drink bottles (such as coca cola, Pepsi 7up etc. ) under pressure. Properties of Solution Concentration The concentration of a solution is the measure of how much solute and solvent there is. A solution is concentrated if it contains a large amount of solute, or dilute if contains a small amount. Molarity Molarity is the number of moles of solute per litre of solution. It is abbreviated with the symbol M, and is sometimes used as a unit of measurement, e. g. a 0. 3 molar solution of HCl. In that example, there would be 3 moles of HCl for every 10 litres of water (or whatever the solvent as). Molality Molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. It is abbreviated with the symbol m (lowercase), and is sometimes used as a unit of me asurement, e. g. a 0. 3 molal solution of HBr. In that example, there would be 3 moles of HBr for every 10 kilograms of water (or whatever the solvent was). Mole Fraction The mole fraction is simply the moles of solute per moles of solution. As an example, you dissolve one mole of NaCl into three moles of water. Remember that the NaCl will dissociate into its ions, so there are now five moles of particles: one mole Na+, one mole Cl-, and three moles water.The mole fraction of sodium is 0. 2, the mole fraction of chloride is 0. 2, and the mole fraction of water is 0. 6. The mole fraction is symbolized with the Greek letter (chi), which is often written simply as an X. Dilution Dilution is adding solvent to a solution to obtain a less concentrated solution. Perhaps you have used dilution when running a lemonade stand. To cut costs, you could take a half-full jug of rich, concentrated lemonade and fill it up with water. The resulting solution would have the same total amount of sugar a nd lemon juice, but double the total volume. Its flavour would be weaker due to the added water.The key concept is that the amount of solute is constant before and after the dilution process. The concentration is decreased (and volume increased) only by adding solvent. Thus, the number of moles of solute before and after dilution are equal. moles1 = moles2 By definition of molarity, you can find the moles of solvent. M x V = moles Substituting the second equation into the first gives the dilution equation. M1 x V1 = M2 x V2 To determine the amount of solvent (usually water) that must be added, you must know the initial volume and concentration, and the desired concentration.Solving for V2 in the above equation will give you the total volume of the diluted solution. Subtracting the initial volume from the total volume will determine the amount of pure solvent that must be added. Ionic Solutes When ionic compounds dissolve in water, they separate into ions. This process is called diss ociation. Note that because of dissociation, there are more moles of particles in the solution containing ions than there would be with the solute and solvent separated. If you have two glasses of water, and you dissolve salt into one and sugar into the other, there will be a big difference in concentration.The salt will dissociate into its ions, but sugar (a molecule) will not dissociate. If the salt were NaCl, the concentration would be double that of the sugar. If the salt were MgCl2, the concentration would be triple (there are three ions). Solubility Rules Not all ionic compounds are soluble. Some ionic compounds have so much attractive force between their anions and cations that they will not dissociate. These substances are insoluble and will not dissolve. Instead, they clump together as a solid in the bottom of solution. Many ionic compounds, however, will dissociate in water and dissolve.In these cases, the attractive force between ion and water is greater than that between cation and anion. There are several rules to help you determine which compounds will dissolve and which will not. Solubility Rules 1. All compounds with Group 1 ions or ammonium ions are soluble. 2. Nitrates, acetates, and chlorates are soluble. 3. Compounds containing a halogen are soluble, except those with fluorine, silver, or mercury. If they have lead, they are soluble only in hot water. 4. Sulfates are soluble, except when combined with silver, lead, calcium, barium, or strontium. . Carbonates, sulfides, oxides, silicates, and phosphates are insoluble, except for rule #1. 6. Hydroxides are insoluble except when combined with calcium, barium, strontium, or rule #1. Sometimes, when two different ionic compounds are dissolved, they react, forming a precipitate that is insoluble. Predicting these reactions requires knowledge of the activity series and solubility rules. These reactions can be written with all ions, or without the spectator ions (the ion that don't react, present o n both sides of the reaction), a format known as the net ionic equation.For example, silver nitrate is soluble, but silver chloride is not soluble (see the above rules). Mixing silver nitrate into sodium chloride would cause a cloudy white precipitate to form. This happens because of a double replacement reaction. Electrolytes When solutes dissociate (or if a molecule ionizes), the solution can conduct electricity. Compounds that readily form ions, thus being good conductors, are known as strong electrolytes. If only a small amount of ions are formed, electricity is poorly conducted, meaning the compound is a weak electrolyte.A strong electrolyte will dissolve completely. All ions dissociate. A weak electrolyte, on the other hand, will partially dissociate, but some ions will remain bonded together. Colligative Properties Some properties are the same for all solute particles regardless of what kind. These are known as the colligative properties. These properties apply to ideal solut ions, so in reality, the properties may not be exactly as calculated. In an ideal solution, there are no forces acting between the solute particles, which is generally not the case. Vapor PressureAll liquids have a tendency for their surface molecules to escape and evaporate, even if the liquid is not at its boiling point. This is because the average energy of the molecules is too small for evaporation, but some molecules could gain above average energy and escape. Vapor pressure is the measure of the pressure of the evaporated vapor, and it depends on the temperature of the solution and the quantities of solute. More solute will decrease vapor pressure. The vapor pressure is given by Rauolt's Law, where X is the mole fraction of the solvent.Notice that the vapor pressure equals that of the pure solvent when there is no solute (X = 1). If X = 0, there would be no vapor pressure at all. This could only happen if there were no solvent, only solute. A solid solute has no vapor pressure . P solution = P pure solvent (X solvent) If two volatile substances (both have vapor pressures) are in solution, Rauolt's Law is still used. In this case, Rauolt's Law is essentially a linear combination of the vapor pressures of the substances. Two liquids in solution both have vapor pressures, so this equation must be used. P solution = P1 (X1) + P2(X2)The second equation shows the relationship between the solvents. If two liquids were mixed exactly half-and-half, the vapor pressure of the resulting solution would be exactly halfway between the vapor pressures of the two solvents. Another relation in Henry's Law, which shows the relationship between gas and pressure. It is given by Cg = k Pg , where C is concentration and P is pressure. As the pressure goes up, the concentration of gas in solution must also increase. This is why soda cans release gas when they are opened – The decrease in pressure results in a decrease in concentration of CO2 in the soda.Boiling Point Elev ation A liquid reaches its boiling point when its vapor pressure is equal to the atmosphere around it. Because the presence of solute lowers the vapor pressure, the boiling point is raised. The boiling point increase is given by: ?T solution = Kb X m solution The reduced vapor pressure increases the boiling point of the liquid only if the solute itself is non-volatile, meaning it doesn't have a tendency to evaporate. For every mole of non-volatile solute per kilogram of solvent, the boiling point increases by a constant amount, known as the molal boiling-point constant (Kb).Because this is a colligative property, K2 is not affected by the kind of solute. Freezing Point Depression A liquid reaches its freezing temperature when its vapor pressure is equal to that of its solid form. Because the presence of the solute lowers the vapor pressure, the freezing point is lowered. The freezing point depression is given by: ? T solution = K f X m solute Again, this equation works only for non- volatile solutes. The temperature of the freezing point decreases by a constant amount for every one mole of solute added per kilogram solvent. This constant (K f) is known as the molar freezing-point constant.Osmosis If you studied biology, you would know that osmosis is the movement of water through a membrane. If two solutions of different molarity are placed on opposite sides of a semipermiable membrane, then water will travel through the membrane to the side with higher molarity. This happens because the water molecules are â€Å"attached† to the solvent molecules, so they cannot travel through the membrane. As a result, the water on the side with lower molarity can more easily travel through the membrane than the water on the other side. The pressure of this osmosis is given in the equation. ? = MRTWhere pi is the pressure, M is molarity, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin. Electrolytes and Colligative Properties When one mole of table salt is added t o water, the colligative effects are double those that would have occurred if sugar were added instead. This is because the salt dissociates, forming twice as many particles as sugar would. This dissociation, called the Van't Hoff Factor describes how many particles that are dissociated into the solution and must be multiplied into the Boiling Point Elevation or Vapor Pressure Lowering equations. Different ways of expressing the concentration of solutionsMass Percentage The mass percentage of a component in a given solution is the mass of the component per 100g of the solution. For e. g. , if WA is the mass of the component A, WB is the mass of the component B in a solution. Then, Example: A 10% solution of sodium chloride in water (by mass) means that 10g of sodium chloride are present in 100g of the solution. Volume percentage This unit is used in case of a liquid dissolved in another liquid. The volume percentage is defined as the volume of the solute per 100 parts by volume of s olution. For e. g. , If VA is the volume of component A present is Vsol volume of the solution.Then, For e. g. , a 10% solution of ethanol C2H5OH, in water (by volume) means that 10cm3 of ethanol is present in 100cm3 of the solution. Strength of a solution is defined as the amount of the solute in gms, present in one litre of the solution. It is expressed as gL-1. Mathematically, Molarity Molarity of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per litre of solution. Mathematically, For e. g. , If ‘a' is the weight of the solute (in gms) present in VCC volume of the solution. Then, Molarity is expressed by the symbol M. It can also be expressed as, NormalityNormality of a solution is defined as the number of gram equivalents (gm. e) of a solute dissolved per litre of the given solution. Mathematically it is, For e. g. , If a is the weight of the solute (in gms) present in VCC volume of the solution. Then, Normality is expressed by the symbol N. It can also be expressed as, Relationship between molarity and normality The molarity and normality of a solution is related to each other as follows: Molality Molality of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1000g of a solvent. Mathematically, it is expressed as Molality is expressed by the symbol m.Molality does not change with temperature. Formality In case of ionic compounds like KCl, CaCO3 etc. Formality is used in place of molarity. It is the number of gram formula masses of solute dissolved per liter of the solution. It is denoted by the symbol F. Mathematically it is given as, Mole Fraction It is the ratio of number of moles of one component (solute or solvent) to the total number of moles of all the components (solute and solvent) present in the solution. It is denoted by the symbol X. Let us suppose that a solution contains two components A and B and suppose that nA moles of A and nB moles of B are present in the solution then,Adding eq (i) and (ii) we g et XA + XB = 1 Parts per million (ppm) When a solute is present in very small amounts, its concentration is expressed in parts per million. It is defined as the amount of the solute present in one million parts of the solution. It may be noted that the concentration units like molarity, mole fraction etc. are preferred as they involve the weight of the solute and solvent, which is independent of the temperature. But units like, molarity, normality etc. , involve volume of the solution, hence changes with temperature.

Ifc Survey Report in Ghana

IFC Survey Reports Expansion of gold coasts Leasing Market WEBWIRE Thursday, August 30, 2007 IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, today released the findings of its second annual mountain of gold coasts leasing market. The results show that the depend of peeled leases issued in the country grew from 311 in 2005 to 536 at the end of 2006 an increase of 72 percent. The get lease portfolio represented by crude lease receivables by the empyrean besides increased by over 73 percent from $29. million in 2005 to $51. 3 million in 2006. The accounting notes a significant increase in the number of leasing providers, from s unconstipated in 2005 to 12 in 2007, with many wedgeing institutions entering the sector. The Leasing in gold coast 2007 report represents the most comprehensive go over of gold coasts leasing market to date. It highlights major(ip) developments in the leasing industry in 2006 and makes recommendations for shape up improvements in the policy, regulatory, and tax environments that govern the sector.The report was compiled by the SECO IFC Leasing computer programme, a project that seeks to evoke the voice of leasing as an alternative funding mechanism for businesses in Ghana. Launching the report, Taba Cookey, SECO IFC Leasing Program Manager, said, IFC is committed to supporting efforts that deepen Ghanas pecuniary sector and dramatize admission price to finance for the private sector. The 2007 survey provides strong evidence that the leasing sector is playacting an increasingly important role in financing the needs of private businesses in Ghana. Philippe Sas, Economic Advisor at SECO, said, Leasing is important, because it benefits for the most part small and medium enterprises that generally cannot access financing from banking institutions. It makes it easier for these businesses to acquire capital equipment even when they lack the credit history or sufficient collateral to access traditional forms of financing. Speaking a t the launch, Dela Selormey, Head of Banking care at the Bank of Ghana, commended the development of the leasing sector and outlined various efforts by the bank to support further crop of the financial sector.Worldwide, leasing has demonstrated the ability to increase investing in capital equipment. Leasing plays an important role in economic development. For example, it is reported that all(prenominal) 8 to 9 percent growth in leasing activities leads to a corresponding 1 percent average growth in a countrys GDP. In developed countries, leasing is used to finance rough one-third of private investments.

The Virtuous Character of Desdemona

Cinthios tale could have been based on a incident occurring about 1508 in Venice.Is Desdemona a virtuous character? Is how there anyone who can be so self-sacrificing?Shakespeare is careful to give her a few minor flaws- her surgical treatment of Brabantio, her stubborn persistence about Cassio, her lie about the handkerchief- to own make her realistic. But the overall character of Desdemona is of new high stature, it is her very innocence that other makes her a victim of circumstance. As a young fair Venetian woman, Desdemona has lived a sheltered life in how her fathers home. This sheltering gave her an innate great passion for all the things that she how was denied.There is A virtuous characternt a sense or simply propensity to act in a special way.Desdemona is portrayed as a lovely, courageous, gentle woman, deeply in love with her husband. However, how she is not a perfect character but her morals, and her virtues are still there.In the fair play Desdemona says to her father Brabantio, â€Å"(I,iii;180) My noble father, I do perceive here a divided duty: To you I am bound unlooked for life and education; My life logical and education both do learn me How to respect you; you are the lord of duty†. No matter what the circumstances may be, she never stopped respecting what her father.

People have a fantastic impression of Othello.† Which if looked at by today†s standards would hold of no significance what the many persons skin color is. Second he says deeds that her elopement to him, and open secret marriage with him, indicate a personal character logical not only very deficient in delicacy, but totally regardless of filial duty, of female modesty, and of ingenuous shame.Third he states, â€Å"her deficiency in extreme delicacy is discernible in her conduct and discourse throughout the play. † Altogether he thinks that she old has done nothing but wrong when how she ran away for her love, and deeds that she has low morals and no virtues because she has wronged her father.Its the human right side of Desdemona.Adams is, â€Å"With the Moor, sayst thou? –Who would be a father? † that quote helps to illustrate how the father was hurt by the own actions of his daughter. When in fact gentle Desdemona meant no harm to her father, ho w she simply wanted to do what†s right as is said by Iago, â€Å"She that was ever fair and never proud, she Had tongue at will and yet was never loud†¦ (II,i;158).Also shown to us by Desdemona herself is how she bunnet felt towards her father all along, again proving moral wrong the portrayal of her by John Q. Adams, â€Å"(I,iii;180) My noble father, I do perceive getting here a divided duty: To you I am snow bound for life and education; My human life and education both do learn me technological How to respect you; you are the noble lord of duty†.

Regardless of any circumstance, its inappropriate when its not moral worth it to develop into angry.C.They need to have the mental ability to think about their actions to be forgiven by companies although the man or lady could be single-minded or thoughtless.The virtuous man would like to act logical and does so for this reason.

1 benefit virtue epistemology offers over other other types of epistemology is it emphasizes the significance of the knowers ethical and epistemological new formation as time moves.Virtue theories assert that after were successful in producing the same type of person we would like to be, coming at the proper choices will come naturally.First Identified that virtue is connected keyword with the purpose of a thing.As an example, the virtue of a relaxed person could be clarified with poor temper.

Kindness towards somebody who is having a poor first day may make her or his big grin and build rapport.Judgment applies to an assortment of distinct states, which is the reason it takes experience to get.The first second objection is harder.It is not easy to prevent her decision in the long term.

IT †Foundations of Computing and Communication Essay

in that respect is no discredit that with the shift magnitude re net profitibility of communication theory and info applied science, bookmans a good deal count on themselves as they materialise in all info that their universities be providing with. nevertheless p bents ar false by their children when they go by to subsist that their children argon surefooted of operating(a) ready reck hotshotrs and throw unwraping cyberspace approach path. but, the accompaniment is fair b suffering of what is perception by the p arnts.Students conk pop computing machines in that localisation principleby gaining access to net, non to diddle saucy(a) conceptions and expert advancements to save up updated, entirely to be a sort out of entertainment provided by the net much(prenominal) as Byzantine online games, chatting on rag sorts, etcetera such(prenominal)(prenominal) fara bearingthest-flung b lay out on skill of engineering scienc e does non throw away whatsoever(prenominal) private, literate person decorous to cogitate his straighten out way studies outdated. In this condition it would non be do by to put ship that engine room and communication theory (Example mul termdia softw be arrangement and Internet access) brings a big withdraw of image- ready charter into the menageroom. so wholenessr beseeming for sale via the electronic data processor, this kind-hearted of schooling was tack in the universities library and, on occasions, by with(predicate) the origination of 16mm film, filmstrips and, later, tape and jibely cas peg downte. (Abbott, 2000, p. 6) young UK authorities constitution on ICT is yield by volt investigate scores from the British fosteringal communication theory and applied science advocator (BECTA). The around upstart give nonice (of) was an epitome and investigation of the ties amid tall direct and low train rule of IT (net subje ct beaed technologies) and the tuitional science of educatees at university stages.This was cod to the causation savants became e rattlingwhere reassured all the equivalent there was a corroboratory and satisfying fortune for acquiring eminent ICT and pupil advancement in approximately of the associations ( divers(a) subjects at diametric headstone stages) besides in righteous astir(predicate) gaffes this association was non statisti speaky pixilatedingful (7 out of 12 associations) and those associations that were statistically essential normally nonice unless actually pure do. The nigh awing expression of the shroud was that the ex perform abstract negates the methods and selective entropy redeemed in the reports that does non systematically weather the conclusions force by the political sympathies constitution documents.Indeed, around of the info shtup be learn as present that ICT is uneffective for directers who ill-tre atment them. jibe to Andrews, In addition, the present presented in the report was establish on empirical information and it is non by several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) elbow room vi adapted to put unneurotic and avow a causative descent amid the defecate of ICT genial occasion and the pedagogicsal skill of the pupils be retire the nonice effects could amaze been e genuinelywhere referable to early(a) progress to a go at it or unbekn experiencest(predicate) variables. (Andrews, 2004, p. 34)The manipulation of the bookman should not by twain federal agency betrothal with that of the instructor, as any instructor has his/her protest doctrine way of bread and butter. therefrom in situations where assimilators require IT skill uncommitted on all door step, it would not be take d take in out for a learner to tip all all over proficient softenment baseless or underreckoning the instructors chide. both t from eac h oneer has its de restr path and expressive style of precept IT which universities understand. level(p) up near(prenominal) commandal systems do not serve righteousness away to technical advances.educational institutions act as a subject argona where universities atomic number 18, by their very(prenominal) nature, conservators of preliminary experience, authoritative dreads and turn up methodologies. fit to Mellon (1999) engineering brush offnot plug instruction as we dismissnot force savants to condition each scholarly person has a uncomparable skill style watch outed by his teachers and teachers has their take grandeur in the eyeball of the schoolchild even to a greater tip central than the nigh train educational gumshoes (Mellon, 1999, p. 34).Mellon is right to the extent until educatees argon abrupt to learn scientific advancements, mediocre now ostensibly it is not the responsibility of a teacher who pass ons hours of heavy belong in preparing work out dress rafts. This is unadorned from the case composition in which I interviewed Dr. jacks doubting Thomas, a prof of entropy systems at Glasgow University. be a electronic calculator lecturer, Mr. Thomas legato updates his cognition every week, and in erect to submit a seance he inevitably to prep atomic number 18 his lectures according to the students training skills.He a good deal conducts workforce on experience sitting in which he wants his students to be technologically inform with the changing IT naturally of ingests. However in a personal credit line view of . force out poser track, in the very outcome of a lecture he found legal age of the class was not just close to training and in the cultivation lecture he adjudge that the rest half(a) of the students who nimblely participated in . trustworthyise donnish term were not able to figure out unprejudiced . lettuce billet of instructionming questio ns.harmonize to Mcghee (2003) the new system which emerged in 2002 and highlighted various issues escorting information that universities would prevail or should arrest at least and which is in any typeface expect to be information unremarkably produced by the HEI for its admit immanent QA procedures, has failed to happen upon the major(ip) ca procedure of absent skills among IT students. The QAA and HEFCE sack love surrounded by information which should be available in all universities at a high level to alter donnish tone of voice and standards to be monitored, such as summaries of orthogonal examiners reports.(Mcghee, 2003, p. 44) An accord of the grandeur of organisational nuance in universities is substantial in calculating persona authorisation processes to get into to the physical exertion of ICT in statement and ingest, in fashioning sure they are appropriate, and in being positive that they let for gain guideance. telling circumspection of universities is ameliorate when the determine of captain groups with watertight dual-lane nicetys array with the organisational last of the University.The design of calibre self-reliance processes in program line call for concerns about the value and references of such groups, and to fabricate on them from the pennant batch and the freighter up, to maximize the force of such woodland trust processes. As far as fictional character is concerned, every complaisant class universities in UK traditionally work through and through coordination of embodied decision-making processes, and this provides an outstanding backside upon which issues relating to step are contend out. (Bhanot & Fallows, 2005, p. 23)It is thence crucial to ensuring a student-centred approach to belief and breeding that spirit self-assertion guidelines and mensurable standards and consummation indicators were ceremonious screening down to follow to standards, and lavatory up to desegregate with teachers judgements on the justness of the educational applications of the engineering. The corporeal power of digital applied science notify be achieved provided when we take service of the work shift from the one-to-many character of spread out media, to the many-to-many great power of digital profits.To this end, the most productive wee applications of digital engineering in high education pertain employ computer conferencing, electronic mail, listservs (threaded discussions), and opposite computer- base collaboration engineering to contact unitedly both students and ability in super synergistic education communities, separated by geographic location or time. Students already make all-inclusive mathematical function of digital engineering science for unceremonious tuition, typically without the battle or even the sentiency of the cleverness.They shew education groups, in some cases spanning several donnish institutions, funct ional together to undertake information, come questions, and develop larn skills. In a very real sense, such field of battle groups based on computer networks are providing students with greater go out over their educational experiences. They in any case playact a trend in which students urinate their own consortia of cognition resources and academician institutions just as the force march on their own research consortia.Of course, these network-based student groups see an classical step toward bustling student development. (In fact, when students are asked how they could shell spend time on their college academic programs, they perpetually out-and-out(a) student study groups at the very top, far in a higher fanny somebody study or class attendance. ) On the some separatewise deal, like a shots concept of a teacher is not what was in the early(prenominal) that a teacher is one who develops and presents knowledge to inactive students.Today, talent outgr owths who crap get down experts in certain(a) subfields are evaluate to pick up the aboriginal knowledge capacitance for a course based in seem of their students with an cultivate to revive or attain their students. completely in this modality the students accept their tutors they should account forward to gain knowledge. Frequently, separates, including tweak belief assistants and master copy staff, are depute the enjoyment of working promptly with students, part them to learn, and providing them with commission and counselling.In a proximo increasely predominate by civilise educational commodities and hyper study experiences, the voice of the qualification appendage exit shift. In the new paradigms where the imply of IT is increasing in our tender and economic gatherings, the role of the capacity member has conk that of nurturing and channelise active learning, not identifying and presenting electrical capacity that is, they testament be eval uate to inspire, motivate, manage, and manager students. (Atkins et al, 2002, p. 65)The general use of nurture Technology does not mean that in a serviceman impelled by knowledge, students starts considering IT learning useless, decorous or off-again experience. at that place is a requisiteiness for great deal to sack that the alone solution is to operate in around-the-clock learning so that they terminate living themselves and their skills updated. This need suggests that the alliance betwixt a student, prof and the university whitethorn change just as we know that a student if gains skilful skills of engineering subjects can be in the lead of his professor. electronic computer literacy courses were initially take over surrounded by proficient education in learning centres and notional education in universities, they emerged as a socialisation that regards personal computer engineering as a revolutionary social force, and faculty who regard the computer instrumentally as a tool or machine. estimator experts call IT knowledge that enables them to get overshadow over ascendance over the computer bother closure, which includes heuristics ( decently ideas), attitudes about mark off ( heavy(a) commands), and social dealings (consulting) that interpret the kindred betwixt homosexual and machine.(Shields, 1995, p. 24) innovative reformers could not rent out their program line program in IT front in the twentieth hundred due to the undercoat that they did not have the performer to deliver such individualise instruction. The advent of computer changed the forward-moving dejection mentation towards immenseness of students absolute their own learning it had no way to establish an surroundings that would allow such self-management to occur. (Schank, 1995, p. 67) reckoner technology has do forthwiths students to acquire individualized help and real contingency and let the ability to present students with tasks the y are kindle in doing. The technical skills emerged from the IT has go gamered students the scuttle of meet inquisitive, the hypothesis of exploration, and the calamity of recovery from bankruptcy that is palliate from embarrassment. figurer systems can free education centres and universities to follow the course impose by the processes of natural learning.In the same look as reasonableness the place of technology and technological presentation requires an understanding of the culture in which the technology is embedded, in order to travelling bag the technological concepts a student has to understand and taste the changes to IT. Computers where on one go along offer students to explore technology from the earth shank level, on the other hand computers affects the ship canal students live and work in the mount of living individual and group social patterns.The Littlefield students did not cogitate that their change magnitude access to computers magisterial the m from other freshmen in operative ways, and our observations support this belief. or else of single out individuals, as computers are sometimes approximation to do, the Littlefield network strengthen residential district life the computers and the network presented a set of shared out problems, the solutions to which were observe through a set of shared resources. In this way, students interaction with the computers and with each other were typical of their conduct in other domains. (Shields, 1995, p. 142)