Origins of bipedalism free essay sample

There has been much debate concerning the origins of bipedalism. Bipedalism, or the ability to move on two legs (eLucy, 2007) was said to have emerged due to climate change in East Africa, for sexual display purpose, to reduce exposure to sunlight, the need to use weapons and tools and many more (NOVA, 2013). There are numerous arguments associated with bipedalism as no one can be entirely sure as to what constituted to the emergence of this trait, which was first present in hominins Australopithecus Afarensis. Anthropologists claim that there is a missing link in the evolutionary lineage that makes it hard to confirm the real cause of bipedalism emergence. However, there are some models which are widely accepted by scientific world, such as the climate change model, and model which was just recently being introduced, but is supported by convincing arguments. Next, climate change model and rugged terrain model will be discussed in the rest of this writing. We will write a custom essay sample on Origins of bipedalism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The African continent nowadays is not what it was millions of years ago. By the beginning of the Miocene, which was around 22 million years ago, lush tropical forests and woodlands covered much of the landmass in tropical and subtropical Africa (Scarre, 2005). At that time, Sahara Desert had not yet developed (Scarre, 2005). Apes had no difficulties in finding food resources as they rely mostly on tress, from which they can obtain fruits and leaves from. However, around 7 or 8 million years ago (late Miocene), there was a dramatic cooling event in the earth’s climate, resulting in dropping of Mediterranean Sea level and thus causing the moisture-dependent forests of this continent to be reduced as their water sources dried up (eLucy, 2007). As their sources of food had now been reduced, they were forced to look for other sources of food. Bipedalism might have emerged over time as a result of spending more and more time looking for food resources on the ground (Fagan, 1998). However, Dr. Isabelle Winder and her team might have different ideas. The proposed rugged terrain model states that hominins developed an upright gait because it helped them to scramble and climb around the rugged landscape of East and South Africa (thejournal.ie, 2013). The rugged landscape emerged between six and two million years ago, where much tectonic activity happened. The team pointed out that the hominins would have been attracted to difficult terrain of rocky outcrops because it offered shelter and opportunities to trap prey, which is essential in survival of the species (thejournal.ie,  2013). Not only that, Winder argues that the broke, disrupted terrain proved a motivation to improve their locomotor skills by climbing, balancing, scrambling and moving swiftly over broken ground – types of movement encouraging a more upright gait, which over time lead to bipedalism (2013). Even though there are different theories concerning the emergence of bipedalism, both models stress out that this trait is really important as a means of survival for the hominins. With the reduction in the width of the forest, they had no choices other than to come down to the savannah landmass to look for food. This trait enables them to move efficiently from one food source to others, which is important for equitable allocation of scarce food resources. Besides, they are able to detect enemies earlier as they can see over the tall savannah grass. Having the same purpose, bipedalism which was claimed arose from rugged terrain model affords access to terrestrial food resources and protection from predators that cannot climb or scramble (Winder et. al, 2013). Complex topography made these and cornering for prey possible due to its structure. It is also easier for the hominins to hide from their predators, ensuring the survival of the species. However, the two models differ in terms of how the hominins acquired their biped form – how the body finally became adapted to walking on two feet. As opposed to previous beliefs, the road to achieving bipedalism involved â€Å"an extended and complex opening of habitats, rather than a single, abrupt transition from dense forest to open savanna† (SpaceDaily, 2002). This transition caused an increase dependence on upper limbs for foraging from branches of small fruit trees, and left the lower limbs for support, which over time eventually led to the emergence of this trait. This is different from what is proposed in rugged terrain model, where bipedalism is achieved by improvement in locomotor skills. This improvement is prompted by climbing, balancing, scrambling and moving swiftly over broken ground – types of movement encouraging a more upright gait (Winder, 2013). We can see that bipedalism arose as a result of hominins trying to ensure their survival, stimulated by different form of needs – the needs to eat, to avoid from predators, etc. These two models provide insights into how bipedalism evolved from quadrupedal type of locomotion. Though the arguments are supported by numerous evidences, there are actually still a lot of things need to be explained, and they all seem to have something in common, which is to ensure the continuity of the species.

Rise of the Superpowers (USA & USSR) from events p Essays

Rise of the Superpowers (USA & USSR) from events p Essays Rise of the Superpowers (USA & USSR) from events prior to and during WWII World War II: the process of superpowerdom It is often wondered how the superpowers achieved their position of dominance. It seems that the maturing of the two superpowers, Russia and the United States, can be traced to World War II. To be a superpower, a nation needs to have a strong economy, an overpowering military, immense international political power and, related to this, a strong national ideology. It was this war, and its results, that caused each of these superpowers to experience such a preponderance of power. Before the war, both nations were fit to be described as great powers, but it would be erroneous to say that they were superpowers at that point. To understand how the second World War impacted these nations so greatly, we must examine the causes of the war. The United States gained its strength in world affairs from its status as an economic power. In the years before the war, America was the worlds largest producer. In the USSR at the same time, Stalin was implementing his five year plans to modernise the Soviet economy. From these situations, similar foreign policies resulted from widely divergent origins. Roosevelts isolationism emerged from the wide and prevalent domestic desire to remain neutral in any international conflicts. It commonly widely believed that Americans entered the first World War simply in order to save industrys capitalist investments in Europe. Whether this is the case or not, Roosevelt was forced to work with an inherently isolationist Congress, only expanding its horizons after the bombing of Pearl Harbour. He signed the Neutrality Act of 1935, making it illegal for the United States to ship arms to the belligerents of any conflict. The act also stated that belligerents could buy only non-armaments from the US, and even these were only to be bought with cash. In contrast, Stalin was by necessity interested in European affairs, but only to the point of concern to the USSR. Russian foreign policy was fundamentally Leninist in its concern to keep the USSR out of war. Stalin wanted to consolidate Communist power and modernise the country's industry. The Soviet Union was committed to collective action for peace, as long as that commitment did not mean that the Soviet Union would take a brunt of a Nazi attack as a result. Examples of this can be seen in the Soviet Unions attempts to achieve a mutual assistance treaty with Britain and France. These treaties, however, were designed more to create security for the West, as opposed to keeping all three signatories from harm. At the same time, Stalin was attempting to polarise both the Anglo-French, and the Axis powers against each other. The important result of this was the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact, which partitioned Poland, and allowed Hitler to start the war. Another side-effect of his policy of playing both sides was that it caused incredible distrust towards the Soviets from the Western powers after 1940. This was due in part to the fact that Stalin made several demands for both influence in the Dardanelles, and for Bulgaria to be recognised as a Soviet dependant. The seeds of superpowerdom lie here however, in the late thirties. R.J. Overy has written that stability in Europe might have been achieved through the existence of powers so strong that they could impose their will on the whole of the international system, as has been the case since 1945. At the time, there was no power in the world that could achieve such a feat. Britain and France were in imperial decline, and more concerned about colonial economics than the stability of Europe. Both imperial powers assumed that empire-building would necessarily be an inevitable feature of the world system. German aggression could have been stifled early had the imperial powers had acted in concert. The memories of World War One however, were too powerful, and the general public would not condone a military solution at that point. The aggression of Germany, and to a lesser extent that of Italy, can be explained by this decline of imperial power. They were simply attempting to fill the power vacuum in Europe that Britain and France unwittingly left. After the economic crisis of the 1930s, Britain and France lost much of their former international standingas the world markets plummeted; so did their relative power. The two nations were determined to maintain their status as great powers however, without relying on the US or the USSR for support of any kind.

Substance of Reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Substance of Reality - Essay Example Another early philosopher of repute that grappled with the scientific explanation of what the substance of reality really was is Heraclitus who argued that all reality is involved in an ever-shifting flux (Solomon, Martin & Higgins 51). Precisely, Heraclitus argued that no one could ever step into the same river twice. Democritus, on his part, reduced all reality to an inestimable number of imperceptible and inseparable particles known as atoms, which are always moving in the emptiness and bumping into each other as if to combine but then separate. Just like the cosmological speculators, the Sophists also sought alternatives to thinking that was enshrined in authority, tradition and mythology; this established the foundation for two of the greatest ancient Greek philosophers ever known to this day, Plato and Aristotle. While Plato was Socrates’ greatest brainchild and student, Aristotle was Plato’s most famous student. Aristotle also mentored the greatest and most succe ssful conqueror and ruler ever known, the one and only Alexander the Great. Plato had political links both to the oligarchy and democracy and like Socrates, who participated in a discursive practice with his contemporaries challenging them to critically examine their ideas and beliefs, he believed in the prominence of virtue. Socrates taught all his students including Plato that every man was obligated to discuss virtue daily especially because a life that is not examined is not worth living at all. Socrates was largely opposed to the Sophist’s relativism and skepticism. Nevertheless, Socrates also emphasized values rather than physical science like Sophists, unlike other philosophers that came before him. Aristotle points out that Socrates emphasized questions of morality and specific definitions. Granted that Plato was thoroughly enchanted by Socrates’ teachings, it is often felt that his philosophy is a synthesis of the system of critical inquiry he inherited from h is teacher, the Socratic thought he adopted.

Discussion 8 part B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion 8 part B - Essay Example sattva of Compassion’, the figure is claimed to have been sculpted using a special technique called ‘yosegi’ which gave most creation of the era, 794-1185 AD, its distinct characteristic, chiefly made of wood carved into form out of the several fragments of wood. The assembly when examined in detail, may be observed to have been artfully crafted by a number of specialists or artisans with the finest skills. Such endeavor justify how this particular bodhisattva could, in a way or another, reflect the prevailing theme at the time in which Japan took pride in its genius through the fields of religion, philosophy, art, and rich literature. Though the ‘Eleven-Headed Bodhisattva of Compassion’ primarily consists of wood, the sophisticated carvings and the countenance which appears to possess a blend of gold and bronze external coating, aimed to bring about a wholly essential color, suggests subtle prominence while depicting the purpose of identifying a bodhisattva by nature. The smooth lines of the sculpture were fashioned such that the strokes exude a character with humble gesture, one with which no trace of rigidity can be detected. In the absence of conspicuous edges in its shape all throughout, the eleven-headed Kannon may be readily claimed to have been so intentionally brought to the gentlest of forms so as to align the overall look of the structure with the attribute or definition the ‘Eleven-Headed Bodhisattva of Compassion’ is. With the manner it was rendered through carving, it occurs naturally deserving of an equivalent sentiment apart form all anxieties as it effortlessly projects a n image of pure and complete tranquility. A sound critic may truthfully infer that the eleven-headed Kannon was created by an author whose hands well communicated with the mind that synergistically functioned with the heart by virtue of passion and wisdom which entailed total discernment of his work. Knowing the essence of a bodhisattva, which is substantiated in

The ANKRD42 Gene Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The ANKRD42 Gene - Dissertation Example If so, the program determines the locations of the start and stop codons. The length of the protein, the presence of the Kozak consensus sequence at the start codon and the length of the reference predicted protein are weighed by the program as positive. From the research, the results show that the ANKRD42 gene was found to exhibit bright bands of the expected size. Ciliated cells exhibited strong immunoreactivity in cilia, neuronal cells were moderately stained while other normal cells exhibited weak stains or negative expression. The gene is well expressed with the expression being detected in normal cells including the testis, brain cerebellum, fetal brain, heart, Rathke's pouches, cecum, urinary bladder, spinal cord, prostate, salivary gland, thymus, skeletal muscle and small intestine among other tissues. Due to this, it was put aside and no further tests were conducted to investigate its potential as a cancer marker. MAEL Gene The MAEL gene is described as maelstrom spermatogen ic transposon silencer which creates a protein that was initially located in Drosophila melanogaster in the nuage perinuclear structure. It is believed to have a functionality that is similar to the spindle gene class. The gene Maelstrom is a protein-coding gene that is associated with diseases such as gonorrhea and essential hypertension. The gene encodes a novel protein that is distributed in the cytoplasm of the nurse cell as well as the oocyte until the protein disappears in stage 7 of oogenesis.

Event Organisation Description

Event Organisation Description 1. DEFINITION OF EVENT. a) Experts definition of event. To better understanding the definition of events I would like to mention at the beginning that various terms is used to explain its meaning.   To find the answer for this question I will quote Getz who said that A special event is a unique moment in time celebrated with ceremony and ritual to satisfy specific needs. Getz (1997; p.4), Another event specialists state that an event can be defined as anything which happens; any incidence or occurrence especially a memorable one; contingency or possibility of occurrence; and item in a programme and organised activity at particular venue for sales promotion and fundraising. (Bowdin2011,p.17) b) My own definition of event. In my opinion an event is a special occasion such as football match, festival or concert which has happen in a special place, on specific time and required a lot of different kind of things to be organised before it may take a place. The event doesnt occur very often so its the reason why it is so special and many people is looking forward to be a part of something unique in some way. 2. DESCRIPTION OF THREE EVENTS FROM DIFFERENT SECTORS. T IN THE PARK FESTIVAL The biggest music festival in Scotland, held at a disused airport in Balado.T in the Park is an event that every year attracts over 80,000 music fans from around the world. During the 3 days of the festival there are over 180 artists performing on eleven stages. In the past, there appeared stars such as Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Who, Green Day, The Killers, Foo Fighters, REM, Oasis and Radiohead. First edition took place in 1994 in Strathclyde Country Park. Its name comes from the main sponsor Tennents brewery. Baldo park is an excellent location for the event as most Scottish who want to take part in the festival can get there easily which makes it an ideal place to host this type of event. The festival includes of three days of fun, music and dance. The festival takes place every second weekend of July. People attending for the event are mostly young people interested in pop, rock and electronic music. Through the years the festival has be become increasingly popular and now it is the biggest music festival in UK. OCTOBER FEST- Its the largest beer and folk festival held in Munich in Bavaria (Germany). Oktoberfest takes place from 1810 years. Until 1871, it took place in October, and since 1872 the beginning of the event has been postponed for September. In recent years the average number of visitors was six million people. During the festival is being consumed about five million liters of beer, traditionally sold in one-liter mugs. Fairs called Oktoberfest in Bavaria were not uncommon. Their goal was to use beer from the passing season, before the start of the new brew. The Munich Oktoberfest enjoys more than 200-year tradition. On the occasion of the wedding of Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, the future King of Bavaria and his bride, Princess Therese von Sachsen-Hildburghausen, which took place on October 12, 1810, they were held on the meadows in front of the city walls (today Theresienwiese ) horse racing. Since Prince Ludwig passion for antiquity competitions were held in the style of the ancient Olympic Games. In the early years of the Munich Oktoberfest was primarily sporty character. Since the event enjoyed great popularity among the inhabitants of the city, the royal court decided to repeat the race a year later at the same time, and so was born the tradition of the Munich Oktoberfest. Due to the involvement of Bavaria in the Napoleonic Wars in 1813 for the first time the festival was abandoned. A break in the tradition also occurred in 1854 and 1873 due to the cholera epidemic in 1866 because of the war and a seven-week 1870 Franco-Prussian war. OLIMPIC GAMES- Are the biggest and most recognised sporting events taking place in summer time (athletics sports) as well as in winter (skiing), which gather participant from all over the world. The Olympic Games are held every four years, with the Summer and Winter Games running every four years but two years apart. Ancient Olympic Games The first Olympic Games were held in Olympia in Greece and were played every four years, so in ancient Greece dates Olympics marked the four-year period between successive Olympics. The first documented Olympic Games were held in 776 BC For the duration of the Olympic Games discontinued wars. During the conflict announced peace of God and the war was stopped for two months. For five days lasted games, the rest was allocated to depart and return from the Olympics for spectators and competitors. The first stage of the ceremony, even before the Games begin, was an oath before the statue of Zeus. Raw meat cut into pieces, scattering or decomposed before the statue and each of the participants, along with his father and his brothers took the oath did not commit any fraud on the competition, which confirmed a second oath in which they said they strictly applied the exercise by previous 10 months. Officially received the prize a wreath of twigs of laurel but winner was just one and became famous and in his hometown built monuments in his honor and wrote poems. The wall of the city won the competitor done a hole through which entered the winner greeted by the locals. This meant that the city could not be afraid anymore because it has such a defender. The winner also received material rewards, but not officially given. Over time, in addition to the wreath of olive branches, they obtained money and valuables. Fame have won the whole city and not just winning. Penalties Olympic were very strict. A player who has committed fraud, was forced to put a statue of Zeus, which is inscribed with his name and vice, which he hath sinned. The most popular with fraudsters is Athenian Kalliopos who bribed his would-be opponents. The whole thing came to light. Athenian and others had put monuments for Zeus. Athenians stopped attending the Olympic Games, as the Delphic oracle said that if they start again participate. In the competition they participated wealthy people who could afford to devote the entire year to exercise, then they were only selected athletes. Occurrence naked, because the games can watch only free men. Woman caught in watching the games waiting for the death penalty. There was no team competition. The games were held in honor of the god Zeus. Olympic Games nowadays Present Olympics held since 1896 (Athens), and the winter of 1924 (Chamonix). Modern Olympic Games refer to the tradition of the ancient Greek Olympics. For most athletes the Olympics are regarded as the most important sports and the Olympic gold medal as the most valuable trophy .Exception of this rule are tennis players, cyclists and footballers, but the international federations of these sports are trying to raise the profile of Olympic 3. EMERGENCY ANG GROW OF OLYMPIC GAMES. HISTORY OF OLYMPIC GAMES The modern Olympic Games were celebrate in london, were opened by the Queen Elizabeth II inaugurated the struggles athletes jubilee XXX Summer Olympics. The competition takes place not only for the gold medal, but also for fame and money. The Olympic Games is a huge organizational undertaking and the media, which attracts the attention of millions of people around the world. The history of the Olympic Games and the international Olympic movement is as interesting as the competition athletes. The Olympic Games are derived from ancient Greece. Already in the seventh century BC athletes met once every four years to honor Zeus. Games traditionally played out in Olympia, and competition gathered crowds of locals and visitors from different parts of Hellas. The competition was fought min. in racing, wrestling and chariot races. The winners waited olive twig and a huge celebrity. During the duration of the games announced peace against any conflicts, which is discontinued fights, and even t he death penalty. Unfortunately, with the fall of Greeces Olympic forgotten, and for the next Olympic Games had to wait 1,500 years. The resurrection of the idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the Olympic Games took place at the initiative of Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937). This French thinker, educator, historian and sports activist held numerous trips around the world and sought support for the restoration of referring to the tradition of ancient Greek athletes competing from around the world. CHANGES OVER THE YEARS The organization of the games differed significantly from what we currently see. To honour participation in the Olympic women they were not allowed. They had to wait until 1900 for the Olympics in Paris, where competed in golf and tennis. There also were awarded gold medals. The winner was honored a silver disc, an olive branch and a diploma. Not awarded the prize for third place (according to the tradition of awarding medals contemporary model was launched in 1904, the Olympics in St. Louis). GROWTH OF THE EVENT The Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, and a terrorist attack in 1972. Every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world. 4. IMPACTS OF BEIJING OLIMPICS GAME IN 2008. NEGATIVE SOCIAL IMPACT Dismissive of local people- people habited the area had to be resettle to make a way for new developments like new buildings to accommodate visitors and participants as well as make possible to create the proper infrastructure as a part of preparing to the Olympic Game. This situation intensify differences between poor and rich inhabitants of the city. POSITIVE ECONOMIC IMPACT Job creation-preparation for the Olympic Game generated many job opportunities for the local as well as for people from other part of the country and world. Apart from increased number of vacancies related directly to the event, many people found a job in travel sector such as hotels, restaurants, tourists attractions as well as employment related to ensure security due to unusual flow of visitors. NEGATIVE POLITICAL IMPACT Insecurity-because of the volume of the event, the city might be considered as an excellent opportunity for terrorism groups to organise an assassination where many people could lost they lives .Organisations had to keep particular attention to keep all spectators and participants safe during the games and when moving around the city. According to the Chinese security ministry, protestors planned suicide bomb attacks on some Chinese cities and kidnappings in Beijing to disturb the Olympic Games. 5. IDENTIFY ONE INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION RELEVANT TO ONE OF LISTED EVENTS.GIVE DETAILS OF ITS PURPOSE AND THREE BENEFITS TO ITS MEMBERS. The association relevant to T in the park event may be the Association of events Organisers. Their mission statement: AEO is the voice of the event organising community. It serves the collective needs and promotes the interests of the event organisers and the industry at large. The purpose of the AEO is the trade body representing companies which conceive, create, develop or manage trade and consumer events. It is run by its members for the benefit of its members through an elected council of representatives, specialist working groups and a fulltime secretariat. Main benefits of becoming a membership: Members of the AEO benefit from opportunities of which helps them to develop in order to overcome challenges and address issues within the industry The AEO Forums are events which give members a great opportunity for learning different principles related to the day job, delivered by experts both from within and beyond the events industry. Number of AEO Excellence Awards that reward talent such as the Outstanding Contribution to the Industry, Organiser Team of the Year and Unsung Hero awards. Events such as the CEO Summit, International Dinners and annual AEO Conference provide opportunities for senior directors to meet with like-minded individuals and hear from guest speakers on a range of hot topics, developing markets, technologies and growth strategies. If you are a new member, there is an opportunity for senior directors to be mentored by directors in member organisations you aspire to be like in some way, shape or form. The AEO Talent Working Group was set up to share best practice and find solutions to challenges surrounding talent management. This may be training and career development, recruitment concerns, improving skills and cross-functional working practices or discussing equality in the workplace. Members have found that sharing experiences has been extremely beneficial so far. 6. FOUR TRENDS WITHIN THE EVENTS INDUSTRY. Social Medias Social media has made a huge impact on the tourism /events industry. Those industries depend heavily on the use of word-of-mouth to spread opinions and recommendations, and social platforms such as Twitter and Facebook. People eagerly use the social media to find out interesting events and check whats going on in the place of their interest. They also share their personal experiences of particular places they have visited. There was significant growth using TripAdvisor in last decade with 320 million reviews and more than 290 million downloads. Its available in form of website as well as an App and it is bespoke company reaching travellers around the world. (Trip Advisor) In the future with technology evolving all the time, social media will become more popular with travellers when comes to booking holidays. Social medias are applied to all of the above three events from the question 2. Growth in Mobile- It is important for tourism and event industries to be up to date with their travellers and event participants in that matters all websites related to the particular event should turn into mobile friendly and start working closer with Social Medias. Nowadays travellers using their mobiles not only to book their trips and events but also may give their recommendation and opinion of the events they took part in. Industries engaged into the new technological tools allow people for a quick access and make it easier to respond either from potential new customers or the existing ones. This trend will help in the future to target different target markets in quick and efficient way in lowest possible cost. E-meetings and digital collaboration- nowadays people have an access to a wide range of methods which allows us to fast communication. Thanks to availability of technologicalplatform such asUber ,airBnB ,TaskTabbit and HotelWall   companies have possibility to conduct a meeting and discussed the most important issues of the business without spending long hours in journey .E-meetings and digital communication are the excellent way to keep our planet away of air pollution by reducing carbon emissions. Eco friendly-increasingly popularity in waste segregation and using bio-materials will be beneficial for the industry as events in which participate a large number of people generate huge amount of waste which if not properly segregated cause many harmful results like formation of the huge garbage dumps by the failure to carry out recycling, higher prices of materials if recycling is not possible ,increase the amount of cutting the threes by the lack of paper for re preparation, minimalize degradation of the landscape. References History (26.01.2017) Retrieved from http://www.history.com/topics/olympic-games Safeconcerts (26.01.2017) .Retrieved from http://www.safeconcerts.com/festivals/t-in-the-park/t-in-the-park-history.asp Wikipedia-Olympic Games (28.01.2017) .Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games T in the park (26.01.2017) .Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_in_the_Park Wikipedia-Oktoberfest (28.01.2017 ) Retrieved from http://www.oktoberfest.de/en/ Economic impact ( 28.01.2017 ) Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200686460_Economic_impact_studies_of_Beijing_2008_Olympic_Games Event trends ( 02.02.2017) .Retrieved from https://lessconversationmoreaction.com/2015/01/14/top-10-sustainable-event-trends-for-2020/ Event trends (02.02.2017).Retrieved from http://radar.sustainability.com/annual-trends-report/ Association of Events organisers ( 03.02.2017) .Retrieved from http://www.aeo.org.uk/

From Chiapas with Love Essay -- Graduate Law Admissions Essays

From Chiapas with Love One of the first mistakes I made in coming to IU was thinking that simply by studying I could understand the lives of people. I thought that if I learned enough- read enough books, talked to enough professors, attended enough forums, and developed my ability to artfully use jargon, I'd be powerful and wise before I knew it. The next mistake I made was to decide to study the Zapatistas. As I was soon to discover, the movement which has grown up around the Zapatista Army of National Liberation in Mexico is not something that can be studied, used, and forgotten. It is something that eats its way into you until you can't extricate yourself from it without seriously damaging who you are. These two bumbles led me, in my third year of university studies, to ask the IU Honors College for money to go to Chiapas to live in an autonomous community. I planned to study the people-their society, their culture, and their situation in the world. I thought it would be a nice way to top off my degree in Anthropology-an honors thesis, and something that could definitely be called an "international experience". Getting to Mexico was an international experience all in itself. I spent three days traveling through a foreign country before I reached the Mexican border. The country in which I was born seemed, in the full flower of September 11th hysteria, far more foreign than anything I could imagine down in the depths of the jungles of Southeast Mexico. After five days on buses of all shapes, sizes, and smells, I arrived in Chiapas, the Southeastern-most State in the Republic of Mexico. What I found there has left me, I think, a little outside the bounds of "appropriate distance" i... ...discomfort. I'm supposed to be a better person, and more adult. I can't say that. I'm ill-at-ease, pensive, and constantly seeing the faces of the people I know there in my dreams; hearing their voices telling their stories through my throat. I'm deeply uncomfortable in the world I live in, and I think about our future, the world's future, every day. I cry at night out of helplessness. I can tell you, my reader, that I learned from my time in Chiapas. I learned the most important lesson of my "university experience" there, from people who didn't understand what graduate school was. So here it is. After all, that's what the university is about, right? Sharing knowledge. Education provides the tools. It can never provide the quest. People tell their own stories best, and dignity is what you have left when everything else has been taken from you.

Emotion language term paper Essay

The differences between happiness, joy and gladness1.IntroductionThe concept of happiness can be characterized by three separate prototypes, which all refer to happiness but each approaches the concept of happiness from a slightly different meaning. The differences reveal mainly in the intensity of the emotion. Therefore it is very interesting how these differences appear in the English language. It is important to see these differences because our society is based on happiness and to reach the main goal of ones life it is good to understand the differences in the conceptualizations of happiness. 2.The three prototypesThe source domain of the three prototypes are taken from the class notes of Emotion Language, from the study of Zoltà ¡n Kà ¶vecses: Emotion concepts: from happiness to guiltA cognitive semantic perspective and definitions form answers.com. The first prototype is called joy which according to answers.com is an intense and especially ecstatic or exultant happiness and the expression or manifestation of such feeling. In other words, joy covers an immediate response of happiness. This means that this word is used to represent a sudden feeling that is self-enabling and comes from within . The next type is called the existential happiness which is a major value in life that people want to reach. This is a general feeling about being happy, therefore it is expressed by the word happiness. In Answers.com this word is described as an agreeable feeling or condition of the soul arising from good fortune or propitious happening of any kind; the possession of those circumstances or that state of being which is attended with enjoyment; the state of being happy; contentment; joyful satisfaction; felicity; blessedness. The last type of happiness is gladness, which is the less intense out of the three types. According to answers.com the word glad is experiencing or exhibiting joy and pleasure. This feeling can be explained in other words like gratifying, pleasurable, very willing, bright and cheerful. 3.The major differences in meaningAccording to the Internet joy and happiness are more commonly occur in the same context than joy and glad or happiness and glad so there are a number of studies and articles about happiness versus joy. The reason for this on the one part is that they have a close relation in meaning so it is not as univocal therefore many people does not recognize the differences or has improper thoughts about it. On the other part glad seems to be clearly terminated in meaning in the usage of the English language. Accordingly, there are many conceptualizations about the differences between joy and happiness on the Internet. On the one hand, in a forum about happiness, the opinion of a person named Suviko was: joy is something you feel shortly, temporary moment, a passing good feeling. Happiness is having that for longer period of time and it is more general, not as much targeted feeling . This explanation perfectly reflects the differences between joy and the existential happiness according to the study of Kà ¶vecses. But as it appears in some articles on the internet, this is not the only realization that is considered as the concept of happiness and joy. On the other hand, there is an essay about happiness versus joy which claims that happiness is fleeting and it comes from the fulfillment of ones desires, therefore happiness is dependent upon something while joy can be continuous and it comes from within . The main difference between the two conceptualization is the quantity of the feeling. In the first statement the duration of the feeling of joy takes less time than happiness while in the second statement joy lasts for longer. This proves that there are some differences in the conceptualization of the first two prototypes of happiness. Besides the differences the main idea about the intensity of the two prototypes reflects everywhere that happiness is more intense. In his study Vic Lebouthillier writes that happiness comes from circumstances like buying a new car or passing an exam while joy is rather appears as inner thankfulness for the constants of life such as nature, freedom, relationships with people, or through having faith in something larger than ourselves . It is also mentioned that happiness is an automatic reaction of people for the happenings of the outside world. In contrast, joy does not  come automatically, it is a learned reaction that people have to practice to live a complete emotional life. This points to the fact that the main point in most of the articles on the internet is based on this idea: It is important to understand that joy is an emotion that arises from within us and is not affected by the things that happen to us. Instead of looking for external things to provide happiness in our lives, we must strive to find the joy within. We must educate ourselves about joy and work to enhance it in our lives.Gladness is the less intense emotional feeling from the three prototypes of happiness. In The Free Dictionary webpage it is pointed out that Glad often refers to the feeling that results from the gratification of a wish or from satisfaction with immediate circumstances: â€Å"Some folks rail against other folks, because other folks have what some folks would be glad of† Henry Fielding . In another conceptualization gladness is rarely or never equivalent to mirth, merriment, gayety, and triumph, and it usually expresses less than delight . According to these statements, it can be asserted that gladness is not only the less intense but it also lasts for the less period of time. Another proof for this can be found in an essay of Margaret Paul where she discusses the differences between happiness and pleasure, and where pleasure is a synonym for gladness. She points out that pleasurable experiences can give us momentary feelings of happiness, but this happiness does not last long because it is dependent upon external events and experiences . 4.Differences in language usageThe English language is rich in the metaphors and metonymies about the three prototypes of happiness. The source domain of this section is from Zoltan Kà ¶vecses: Emotion concepts: from happiness to guilt A cognitive semantic perspective. Happiness (existential happiness)Most of the happiness metaphors found on the internet come from quotations, poems and a lower percent can be found in non literary texts. Using the mappings of Kà ¶vecses I listed some of the metaphors that I found with the help of Google:1. Happiness is a fluid in a  container: â€Å"Happiness is a positive cash flow.† – Fred Adler2. Happiness is warm: Happiness is a warm gun – The Beatles3. Happiness is insanity: Sanity and happiness are an impossible combination. – Mark Twain4. Happiness is light: Happiness is a Swedish sunset – it is there for all, but most of us look the other way and lose it. – Mark Twain5. Happiness is up: trying to bump up our happiness – Steven Winn6. Happiness is an animal: Happiness is a butterfly, which when pursued, is always just beyond your grasp, but which, if you will sit down quietly, may alight upon you Nathanial Hawthorne7. Happiness is a rapture: We pretended we could get drunk on root beer, and sometimes on those July nights, I think we were. Drunk with happiness. – Lisa LibowitzJoyInterestingly I could find a larger number of metaphors or metonymies on the internet than about joy in non literary articles rater than literary texts. Therefore, in contrast to happiness, it was harder to find metaphors that could belong to the list of Zoltà ¡n Kà ¶vecses. 1.Joy is fluid in a container: then you will look and be radiant,your heart will throb and swell with joy The Holly Bible (Isaiah 60:5-11)a place of joy and peace so full that you need nothing else2.Joy is being off the ground: Now I know when your house gets destroyed you won’t be jumping for joy.3.Joy is warm: A blush of joy mantled on Lizzie’s face, and her heart swelled with happiness John Quine (The Captain of the Parish)4.Joy is vitality: As I watch my grandmother tickle and play with the kids, I see her eyes light up with joy. – Jennifer Mallett5.Joy is opponent in a struggle: When her sick friend saw her, she was overcome with joy.6. Joy is a natural force: Ill flood your soul with the joy of cleanliness and the joy of discipline, which will redound to your good forever.7.Joy is a rapture: Inner success: Freedom from the identification with the mind and movement towards the ecstasy of the Truth . This will lead us towards our inner joy8.Joy is up: He who kisses the joy as it flies. Lives in Eternitys sunrise. – William BlakeOne of the greatest joys known to man is to take a flight into ignorance in search of knowledge Robert Lynd9.Joy is light: The sun does not shine for a few trees and flowers, but for the wide world’s joy. Henry Ward BeecherGladnessIt was the hardest to find metaphors or metonymies on gladness. I found that the word glad is often used in religious terms on the internet but these were not expressed by metaphors or  metonymies rather it refers to the loving of God and it follows that it is expressed on a very simple way. 1.Gladness is light: Our brightest blazes of gladness are commonly kindled by unexpected sparks. – Samuel JohnsonLight up your face with gladness Judy Garland2.Gladness is fluid in a container: A kind heart is a fountain of gladness, making everything in its vicinity freshen into smiles. – Washington IrvingMay God fill your heart with gladness to cheer you. – Irish Blessing3.Gladness is being in haven: Nations and men are only the best when they are the gladdest, and deserve heaven when they enjoy it. – Jean Paul Friedrich Richter5.ConclusionSumming up the above, there are differences between the three conceptualizations of happiness in meaning and it also turned out that people are interested in these questions because it is important to understand these to live a happy life. We also saw that the linguistic usage of happiness and joy are very similar to each other they still have that slight difference in meaning. From this point of view gladness metaphors were less frequent and were not as similar to the other two. BIBLIOGRAPHY Zoltà ¡n Kà ¶vecses: Emotion concepts: from happiness to guilt A cognitive semantic perspectivewww.answers.comhttp://www.kjmaclean.com/HappinessvsJoy.htmlhttp://www.tfproject.org/tfp/archive/index.php/t-7099.htmlhttp://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/03/07/DDGLBOFSL11.DTLhttp://thinkexist.com/quotation/happiness_is_a_butterfly-which_when_pursued-is/169068.htmlhttp://www.tiny-lights.com/flash.html?id=20http://www.calvin.edu/admin/chapel/worship/chapel/Isaiah60/wealth.htmhttp://www.light-up-your-life.com/http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/fulltext/cp1897/chap104.htmhttp://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?gladnesshttp://www.entplaza.com/cgi-bin/create/quotes.pl?cat=Happinesshttp://www.entplaza.com/cgi-bin/create/quotes.pl?cat=Happinesshttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/gladnesshttp://www.caringtoday.com/node/296http://www.4to40.com/story/index.asp?id=480#tophttp://www.timesandseasons.org/index.php?p=2582http://www.meditationerfan.com/Happiness_vs.htmlhttp://www.dai lycelebrations.com/joy.htmhttp://www.dailycelebrations.com/joy.htmhttp://www.dailycelebrations.com/jo

Reconstruction of Fairy Tales Essays

Reconstruction of Fairy Tales Essays Reconstruction of Fairy Tales Essay Reconstruction of Fairy Tales Essay Reconstruction of Fairy Tales People can transfer a fairy tale from generation to generation and learned from it. However, these days, children rarely come into contact with the complete fairy tales because they always read fairy tales through TV, magazines, etc. These media will always simplify the full text of fairy tales by cutting parts that seem not affect the plot of the story such as the Disneys animated version. But this simplification indeed minimized the value of the story and fairy tales became nonsense pastimes. The story telling is a means of teaching the child the social norms of their nation. There as a time when female writers were led to believe that their gender prevented their works from being taken seriously. Patriarchal gaze which occupied the right in literature discourages women from fully experiencing their sexuality in writing. However, contemporary writers and directors attempt to rewrite and remake fairy tales, let alone their desire for artistic creativity through editing new books, movies as an entertainment. Revised contemporary fairy tales with narratives opposed to simplification of stories and normalization of women, can be more active contributors to new construction of sexual representations. Contemporary, a variety of feminist scholars have sought to understand how alternative spectator positions, including a feminine gaze, can function to resist patriarchy and affirm womens perspective and experiences. Exposing the disciplining of female sexuality embedded in our cultural knowledge, writers of new fairy tales try to introduce a dominant female gaze resisting the position of women under patriarchy. It matters a lot because their reviving, rewriting, retelling, or cross-writing of fairy tales first re- discipline our knowledge of gender roles and female sexuality in cultural discourses ND Grill (1987) explain what is at stake: When we are armed with knowledge of how power relations operate in a discursive to choose whether or not to accept the influence of the formation, we are more able power in the system, how to garner more power as rhetoric in the system, and how to loosen the hold of the power over us. (p. 97) Understood more broadly, the rewritten fairy tales resistant gaze stands as a site of challenge to an entire network of cultural discourses represents a site of resistance to disciplinary power that constitute a patriarchal pontific and demand that male sexuality be understood from a heterosexual masculine point-of-view. Also, education meanings are contained in the details of the fairy tale. The fairy tale is not pointing to the external reality but focusing on the s ubconscious formation and development of childrens individual. The childrens colonization is mainly sourced from fairy tales and religious stories. As Ursula K. El Gun said in The Child and the Shadow (1974): The great fantasies, myths and tales are indeed like dreams: they speak from the unconscious to the unconscious, in the language of the unconscious ?symbol and archetype. .. They are profoundly meaningful, and usable?practical ?in terms of ethics; of insight; of growth (IPPP). Fairy tales are received, circulated, and consumed today through books, cottons and especially movies. Though weve in media frequently. Feminist film scholar Laura Mulled (1975) theorized that a dominant male gaze structures mainstream Hollywood films and invites the viewer to identify with male protagonists and to marginality and objectify women. In those films revised from old fairy tales like Black Swan(2010) still disciplined by a patriarchal pontific some ways. In the story, Nina only notices that she goes home with her friend Lily. She believes that she asked Lily to come with her to home and Nina drags her to her bedroom. Nina is fantasizing about making love with Lily at that time. Such images implicitly convey that the most desirable and acceptable form of female-female sexuality is that which pleases and plays to the heterosexual male gaze. Though weve made great strides in literature (one of the many successes to celebrate during Womens History Month), that same outdated belief continues to affect women writers. Perhaps recognizing some of the more famous writers who mound success after eschewing their male pseudonyms will show that a woman doesnt need a mans name to set the literary world ablaze. Joanne Rolling O. K. Rolling) Anyone who doubts that theres still a double standard in the publishing industry doesnt know his or her Harry Potter history. Rolling was told by her publisher that her series wouldnt be as popular among boys if it was penned by a woman. She used a set of initials instead (not even her own, since she has no middle name) and as we all know, the Harry Potter books catapulted in popularity even after her gender was revealed.

Why Saddam Hussein Must be Forcibly Removed from Power essays

Why Saddam Hussein Must be Forcibly Removed from Power essays Should Saddam Hussein be forcibly removed from power? Although many of Americas allies refuse to support military action against Saddam because of possible casualties, Saddam must be removed from power because of the thereat that he poses to the world. Saddam Hussein must be forcibly removed from power because he poses a thereat to countries neighboring Iraq. In 1991, Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. In addition to causing the Persian Gulf War, this action caused the deaths of many civilians in Kuwait and disturbed the world economy. Therefore, Saddam Hussein must be removed from power: to relieve a terrorist threat, to stop his tyranny against the civilians in Iraq, and to free Iraq from dictatorship. One of the important reasons to remove Saddam Hussein from power is to reduce the terrorist threat that he poses to America and its allies. Saddam Hussein supports terrorists. Not only does Saddam Hussein harbor terrorists in Iraq, but he also offers financial support and weapons to terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda. Saddam Hussein also trains Al Qaeda warriors in secret training camps located in Iraq. In addition to supporting terrorists, Saddam Hussein also manufactures chemical and biological weapons in secret factories in Iraq. He also has access to nuclear weapons. Biological weapons are pathogens that are intentionally engineered, designed, and cultivated to be used to quickly terminate anyone who comes into contact with the pathogen. These pathogens are then delivered to their target using a ballistic missile or sprayed from an aircraft. Under Saddam Hussein Iraq has produced large quantities of biological weapons such as: anthrax, botulism, and aflatoxin. Anthrax is usually sprayed from a low flying aircraft onto a large concentration of people. Untreated, anthrax is almost always fatal within five days. Botulism is a form of food poisoning and is delivered using a ballistic missile. Botulism is a bacterium t...

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The Kite Runner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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